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· Pediatric small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) manifestations range from nonspecific abdominal symptoms to malabsorption or malnutrition. · SIBO is prevalent in children and adolescents with functional abdominal pain disorders. · Predisposing factors include disturbed intestinal motility, altered anatomy, and/or abnormal body defense systems against intestinal bacteria. · Breath tests are safe and noninvasive. · Treatment principles include managing predisposing conditions, nutritional support, symptom control, and antibiotics. |
The prevalence of obesity in both adults and children is rapidly increasing worldwide. Obesity is one of main causes developing chronic diseases and various problems like economic consequence. It can be affected by genetic, environmental, psychological, and socioeconomic factors. Dietary modification is a well-known important factor in weight control. Precisely, dietary macronutrients composition, food selection, and dietary patterns... |
Several observational studies have shown that acute kidney injury affects up to 46% of children and adolescents who develop severe postinflammatory responses, such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in childhood, due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although causality has not been established, some cases of glomerulopathy or nephrotic syndrome occurring after COVID-19 infection or vaccination have been reported. Therefore, kidney complications associated with these conditions in children and adolescents warrant attention. |
Cardiac failure is a clinical syndrome that may develop in children due to cardiac dysfunction or underlying structural heart diseases. Considering the differences in the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of pediatric heart failure (PHF) and adult HF, we aimed to review the current literature on PHF. Relevant studies were extracted from Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, and Clinical Trial Registries using the... |
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Question: What is the ideal initiation timing of parenteral nutrition for critically ill children? Finding: This randomized clinical trial of 140 children examined the effects of an early or late start of parenteral nutrition on mechanical ventilation need (primary outcome) and length of stay and mortality (secondary outcomes). Meaning: Children who received early versus late parenteral nutrition had lower mechanical ventilation need and duration. |
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Question: Is dyslipidemia a risk factor for asthma in children? Finding: This was a comprehensive systematic review and retrospective multicenter study of the association between dyslipidemia and asthma in children. In a multicenter cohort analysis using the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model, elevated total cholesterol levels were associated with increased risk of asthma development. Meaning: These findings suggest an association between dyslipidemia and asthma in children. |
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· Vitamin D may affect asthma via multiple mechanisms, including lung and optimal immune system functions. · Many clinical trials have demonstrated the beneficial effects of vitamin D on asthma onset and aggravation. However, definitive clinical trials are lacking, and reports have detailed contradictory effects of vitamin D in children with asthma. · Some exciting reports stated that obesity and vitamin D deficiency are associated with increased asthma symptoms in the pediatric population. |
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Question: What causes childhood constipation, and what can predict organic constipation? Finding: Constipation represents 14.7% of gastroenterology visits. Functional constipation is more common among constipation types, while organic constipation is more common in young children and those with a low body weight, stunted growth, mucus in the stool, and associated diseases. Meaning: Younger children and those with lower growth or mucus in the stool should be assessed for underlying organic causes of constipation. |
Pneumonia is a common pediatric infectious disease that is very familiar to pediatricians and is a major reason for hospitalization worldwide. Recent well-designed epidemiologic studies in the developed country indicated that respiratory viruses were detected in 30-70%, atypical bacteria in 7-17%, and pyogenic bacteria in 2-8% in children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The etiological distribution of CAP vary widely... |
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease, and a life-long disease with marked impairment in quality of life. AD is considered a starting point of ‘atopic march’, which begins at a young age and may progress to systemic allergic diseases. In addition, it is strongly associated with comorbid allergic diseases and other inflammatory diseases, such as... |
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by silencing or degrading messenger RNAs. Many of the approximately 2,500 miRNAs discovered in humans are known to regulate vital biological processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and embryonic tissue development. Aberrant miRNA expression may have pathological and malignant consequences. Therefore, miRNAs have emerged as novel diagnostic markers and... |
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Question: Z score reference values for right ventricular size and systolic function in children using echocardiography are available in several countries. Despite the high burden of diseases involving the right ventricle in Nigeria, these reference values have limited applicability. Finding: The right ventricular sizes of Nigerian children differed from those published elsewhere. Meaning: These reference values will aid the treatment, monitoring, and pre- and postintervention for Nigerian children. |
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· Pediatric patients have a relatively low incidence of tachyarrhythmia both in acute coronavirus disease 2019 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), but it was associated with an increased risk of poor outcomes. · Conduction abnormalities were not uncommon, especially in those with MIS-C. Most patients recovered to normal sinus rhythm; however, some progressed to advanced atrioventricular block and rarely required permanent pacemaker implantation. |
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Most immunocompromised children and adolescents are not at increased risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 outcomes for low- or medium-risk immunocompromised children are favorable, while more serious illness reportedly occurs in high-risk immunocompromised children by underlying disease, its treatments, and other factors. Therefore, the early detection and timely management of severe COVID-19 and treatment of underlying disease are important. Hospitalization and COVID-19 vaccination should be carefully considered. |
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· Congenital hearing loss is common, with an approximate incidence of 1.5 per 1,000 newborns and affecting 1.2%–11% of preterm and 1.6%–13.7% of neonatal intensive care unit neonates. · Etiologies vary, and up to 80% of cases are genetic. · Newborn hearing screenings follow the 1-3-6 rule, and babies at high risk of hearing loss should be referred to otolaryngology for early detection and timely intervention. |
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of liver diseases characterized by excessive fat accumulation, is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. The global prevalence of NAFLD is increasing in both adults and children. In Korea, the prevalence of pediatric NAFLD increased from 8.2% in 2009 to 12.1% in 2018 according to a national surveillance study. For early screening... |
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· Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID) is uncommon, with a prevalence of 1–30/100,000 in the general population; however, it is increasing worldwide. · The diagnosis of EGID is based on histopathological findings of endoscopic mucosal biopsy in which tissue eosinophils are counted in each gastrointestinal tract segment of patients with chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms. · Individualized treatment strategies, including adequate dietary and pharmacological therapy, may help improve outcomes of children with EGID. |
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· This review discusses the development and application of the Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST) for ensuring early childhood development. · Various studies have demonstrated the integral role of the K-DST in facilitating the detection of developmental delays and delivery of timely interventions. · The tailoring of the K-DST to Korean infants and children suggests that other countries may further translate and adapt it. |
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Question: The clinical differences between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human coronaviruses (HCoV) in children remain unknown. Finding: This study compared the clinical findings of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 versus HCoV. Its findings suggest that children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 have a milder clinical course than those with HCoV. Meaning: The clinical course of children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 should be closely monitored during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. |
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· Social media use can cause adverse health outcomes, including gastrointestinal disorders, in children and adolescents. · Recent findings have shown a high prevalence of social media use and decreased well-being in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. · The biopsychosocial nature of functional gastrointestinal disorders and the clear influence of social media on the psychosocial lives of children suggests the likely involvement of social media in their development. |
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Question: What are the risk factors of newborn birth weight? Does gestational weight gain and prepregnancy body mass index affect childhood weight? Finding: Excess maternal weight gain increases the risk of overweight/obesity, newborn birth weight, and child body mass index at 4–6 years. Meaning: Maternal weight control before and during pregnancy should be well controlled. |
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The gut microbiota is an emerging factor in the development of pediatric obesity, which is affected by renowned risk factors such as diet, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status. This review aimed to describe the association between the gut microbiota and childhood obesity. |
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SpO2/FiO2 ratio ≤166, pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index <132, and clinical respiratory score ≥6 at 12 hours after high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) initiation were useful bedside predictors for HFNC failure in pediatric patients. |
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· This study compared the ability of 2 probiotics to reduce and improve functional abdominal pain (FAP) in children. · In the polymicrobial probiotic (PMP) group, 10.34% of children reported no pain; in the mono-strain probiotic (MSP) group, all patients reported low-degree pain. The mean pain score decreased significantly over time in both groups. · The use of both PMP and MSP is recommended to reduce pain in patients with FAP. |
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This systematic review summarizes convincing evidence that total energy expenditure (TEE) measured using the doubly labeled water technique increased with age from 1 to 18 years, while fat-free mass (FFM) increased with growth. TEE and in normal-weight participants, while physical activity level did not differ from that of normal-weight participants. |
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The identification of the causative pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia and appropriate treatment and prevention can reduce mortality and the socioeconomic burden by reducing the medical expenses. The world has been in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic since 2020, and there is always a risk of continuous emergence and epidemic of new respiratory infectious diseases. Therefore, it is important to sustain a monitoring system for respiratory infectious diseases including pneumonia. |
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Question: This study aimed to determine whether there is an association between previous abortion history and the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) among children. Finding: We found that the risk of ASD associated with previous abortion history had an odds ratio of 1.64 (95% confidence interval, 1.28–2.0; I2=61.7%). Meaning: These findings suggest a positive and significant association between history of previous abortion and risk of ASD in children. |
This study aimed to determine whether there is an association between not breastfeeding (versus breastfeeding) and the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) among children. We found that the risk of ASD associated with not breastfeeding had an odds ratio of 1.81 (95% confidence interval, 1.35–2.27; I2=0 %). These findings suggest the importance of breastfeeding in decreasing the risk of ASD among children. |
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· Intussusception, the most common cause of small bowel obstruction in young children, has an overall incidence in Korea of 28.3 cases per 100,000 person-years. · Its cause is idiopathic inmost cases, although viral or bacterial gastroenteritis has beenpostulated as a cause. Approximately 4% of children have pathological lead points for intussusception, and Meckel’s diverticulum is the most common cause. · Intussusception in preterm infants is extremely rare. Older children (>5 years of age) are at increased risk of pathological lead points. |
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· Children and adolescents with high risks for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should be identified and proper treatment should be provided promptly according to the patient’s condition. · Remdesivir can be considered for pediatric patients of all ages with COVID-19 who have an emergent or increase in supplemental oxygen. · The use of corticosteroids is not recommended for patients with nonsevere COVID-19. Corticosteroids are recommended in children and adolescents with severe and critical COVID-19. |