Ménétrier's disease is a rare form of acquired gastropathy characterized by giant rugal folds in the stomach and protein-losing gastropathy1). Although it is a chronic progressive disorder in adults, Ménétrier's disease in children, rarely needs aggressive treatment and resolves spontaneously within 2 to 10 weeks with supportive measures only. Many cases of pediatric Ménétrier's disease associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have been reported2). Clinical findings among children include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, peripheral edema, ascites, and pleural effusion. Gastroduodenal endoscopy is useful for confirming the diagnosis of Ménétrier's disease by direct observation and for obtaining biopsy material and exclude other conditions that may mimic this disorder1).

To our knowledge, only a limited number of Ménétrier's disease cases have been reported in children since the first case reported in 18881). We present a case of Ménétrier's disease in a 9-year-old girl with abdominal pain, ascites, and pleural effusion. CMV infection was not associated and showed peripheral and histological eosinophila. We also review the literature on Ménétrier's disease in children.

A 9-year-old girl presented with a history of gradually worsening abdominal distension, decreased urine output, and abdominal pain for 2 weeks. Two weeks prior to admission, she complained of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain without diarrhea several hours after eating bread. She had no signs of infection such as fever, rash, or sore throat. On admission, she was afebrile and had normal vital signs. Her weight was 32.2 kg (50th to 75th percentile), and height was 140 cm (75th to 90th percentile). She had a history of allergic rhinitis. A physical examination revealed periorbital swelling, pitting edema on both legs, and abdominal distension with mild diffuse tenderness and shifting dullness. Laboratory tests on admission showed hemoglobin level, 15.4 g/dL; hematocrit, 43%; peripheral leukocyte, 13.390/µL with an eosinophil count of 840/µL (6.3%); serum total protein, 2.3 g/dL; albumin, 1.3 g/dL; calcium, 7.3 mg/dL; erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 2 mm/hr; and C-reactive protein, 0.56 mg/dL. A urinalysis was normal without proteinuria. The multiple allergen simultaneous test showed positive responses to mites (class 2) and Acarus siro (class 3), with elevation of the total immunoglobulin (Ig) E value (>200 IU/mL). Anti-CMV IgM was negative. Chest and abdominal radiographs displayed pleural effusion on both sides. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed pleural effusion and massive ascites. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen confirmed marked thickening of the small intestinal wall. A pleural fluid analysis revealed lymphocytes, 25%; polymorphonuclear neutrophils, 7%; eosinophils, 0%; protein, 152 mg/dL; glucose, 116 mg/dL; and adenosine deaminase, 2 IU/L. An abdominal paracentesis was not performed. Alpha 1 anti-trypsin excretion in the stool was elevated to 1,204 mg/dL (normal, ≤54 mg/dL). A gastroscopic examination revealed large swollen gastric folds, erythema, erosion, and exudation in the body and fundus, although the antrum was normal (Fig. 1). A Campylobacter-like organism test was negative. Histological findings of the gastric mucosa showed moderate infiltration of eosinophils (20 to 38 per high power field) and neutrophils in the lamina propria, mucosal edema, and dilatation of the capillaries and lymphatics (Fig. 2). A cell with intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions, characteristic of CMV infection, was not seen. Immunohistochemistry for CMV revealed negative finding. Microscopic findings of the duodenal mucosa revealed mild infiltration of lymphocytes and histiocytes with few eosinophils. The patient's symptoms of abdominal distension, pitting edema, and decreased urine output began to improve from the day 7 of hospitalization with conservative treatments such as fluid restriction, diuretics, albumin infusion, and avoidance of milk and bread. Peripheral eosinophils rose to 25.4% (1,520/uL) on the day 11 after admission. Total protein and albumin levels rose to 4.3 g/dL and 3 g/dL, respectively, and her weight reduced from 32.3 to 27.3 kg on the day of discharge, 17 days after admission.

Ménétrier's disease is a rare acquired disorder of the stomach characterized by giant hyperplastic folds, excess mucus secretion, decreased acid secretion (hypochlorhydria), and hypoproteinemia due to selective loss of serum proteins across the gastric mucosa3). Ménétrier's disease usually presents with an insidious onset and a progressive, chronic, and unremitting clinical course in adults4,5). However, the disorder is characterized by abrupt onset and spontaneous resolution within 2 to 10 weeks without any special treatment in children2).

Ménétrier's disease is associated with CMV1,2,6,7), Helicobacter pylori8,9), herpes simplex virus10) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae11) infections. The previous study has described that CMV infection was associated in 70% of children with Ménétrier's disease2). Two Korean cases reported in 2001 and 2004 were also associated with CMV infection in preschool-age boys7,12). The presence of CMV infection can be identified by serology or immunohistochemisty. H. pylori is thought to have a role in Ménétrier's disease in adults but its role in pediatric Ménétrier's disease has not yet been established. Recently, Tokuhara et al.13) reported pediatric Ménétrier's disease that had co-infection with CMV and H. pylori. They concluded that this case of pediatric Ménétrier's disease was secondary to H. pylori infection rather than CMV infection, because the clinical, biochemical resolution of the disease occurred after the eradication therapy against H. pylori.

Its cause is unknown, but the possibilities include chemical irritants, toxins, dietary factors, neuro-emotional, endocrinological, or immunological abnormalities, allergic processes, or autoimmune disorders14,15). Recent research implicates overproduction of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) with increased signaling of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the pathogenesis of this condition16). TGF-α is one of six mammalian ligands that bind to the EGFR. Activation of the EGFR, a transmembrane receptor with tyrosine kinase activity, triggers a cascade of downstream intracellular signaling pathways that leads to expansion of the proliferative compartment within the isthmus of the gastric mucosa cells. As a result, production of gastric mucus increases and production of gastric acid decreases17).

The most accepted criteria for diagnosis of Ménétrier's disease include giant folds, particularly in the fundus and body of the stomach (generally spares the antrum), hypoalbuminemia (protein-losing gastroenteropathy), and histological features of foveolar hyperplasia, cystic dilatation of pits, and reduced numbers of parietal and chief cells17). Some cases of Ménétrier's disease show infiltration of eosinophils into the gastric mucosa1,18). Schroder15) noted that the association between eosinophilia and Ménétrier's disease is a hypersensitivity mechanism. Diagnosis of Ménétrier's disease is difficult to establish with routine endoscopic superficial mucosal pinch biopsies; deeper snare or full-thickness biopsies of the gastric mucosa are more informative, because the gastric rugal folds in patients with Ménétrier's disease are edematous and large19). The histological finding of this child revealed moderate eosinophilic infiltration (20 to 38 per high power field) and no evidence of foveolar hyperplasia or cystic dilatation of the pits. It was very confusing to diagnose this patient as Ménétrier's disease with such histoloic findings. It was due to the result not performing the full-thickness biopsy. With routine endoscopic superficial mucosal pinch biopsies, Ménétrier's disease when shows peripheral eosinophilia or mucosal eosinophilic infiltration may be confused with eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

Image examinations such as ultrasonography, CT, and a barium study show the characteristic hypertrophic gastric folds and edema of the proximal small intestine20,21). In our case, marked thickening of the small intestine wall was revealed on CT.

The differential diagnoses of enlarged gastric rugal folds detected radiographically include lymphoma, eosinophilic gastropathy, multiple polyps, gastric varices, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and lymphangiectasia22). The two most important diseases with large gastric folds that should be distinguished from Ménétrier's disease are gastric lymphoma and eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Primary gastric lymphoma is a rare entity in children. It is primarily a disease of the elderly, with a peak incidence in the seventh decade23). Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is an uncommon benign disorder characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the stomach, particularly in the antrum, and/or small bowel wall24). The clinical course of eosinophilic gastroenteritis is highly variable25). Treatment with steroids is the mainstay for managing eosinophilic gastroenteritis26). The definitive method to distinguish Ménétrier's disease from primary stomach lesions is an adequate biopsy27).

The mechanism of protein leakage from gastric mucosa is known from ultrastructural changes in the gastric mucosa. Oderda et al.28) described that electron microscopy showed a marked increase in the width of the tight junctions in patients with Ménétrier's disease. Other causes of protein-losing gastroenteropathy include eosinophilic gastroenteritis, gastric lymphoma, celiac disease, hypertrophic gastropathy in association with H. pylori infection, and Crohn's disease.

Because most cases of childhood Ménétrier's disease are self-limiting, the treatment is largely supportive such as a high-protein diet, fluid restriction, diuretics, and albumin infusion. Ganciclovir therapy may be attempted in CMV-positive cases that fail to remit spontaneously in 4 to 6 weeks6). Adult patients are often treated with H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and anticholinergic medications29). Eradicating an H. pylori infection may be beneficial and should be considered8). Partial or total gastrectomy is recommended for patients with persistent and sufficiently distressing symptoms such as massive bleeding, refractory protein loss, or obstruction29,30). Recently, therapies targeting the increased EGFR signal are promising, including somatostatin analogues and monoclonal antibodies (e.g., cetuximab)30,31).

We recommend a clinicohistopathological analysis with successful full-thickness gastric mucosal biopsy to approach suspected Ménétrier's disease.