The results of cardiopulmonary exercise test in healthy Korean children and adolescents: single center study

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Abstract

Introduction

The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is an important clinical tool to evaluate exercise capacity and is frequently used to evaluate chronic condition1) including congenital heart disease2,3). A great deal of research has been conducted regarding the utility of CPET, and especially in adults, this test is used as one of the most important indicators of severity and mortality in heart failure cases4-6). It is noninvasive, relatively inexpensive, and provides a wealth of clinically relevant diagnostic and prognostic information. In clinical situation, we frequently use this test for evaluation of exercise intolerance, the effect of specific intervention (i.e., physical training, medication), and change or alteration of exercise capacity in the same subjects7,8). However, variables of this test lack normal values for the adolescence and some reference value might be something old9-12). The aim of this study was to provide a reference data for the variables of CPET in children and adolescents.

Materials and methods

From August 2006 to April 2009, 92 children and adolescents visited our hospital for heart evaluation due to chest pain, dyspnea, syncope and so on (Table 1). We performed physical examination, history taking, chest X-ray, electrocardiography, echocardiography and CPET. Among them, 76 had no specific medical problem and were enrolled in this study. Excluded were patients with asthma, musculoskeletal disability, mental retardation, and infectious disease within 2 weeks. The CPET was performed using modified Bruce protocol on TrueOne 2400 (ParvoMedics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA). All subjects were encouraged to exercise to exhaustion. The medical records of all subjects were reviewed retrospectively to determine their demographics, past medical history and clinical status. The CPET parameters; peak oxygen uptake (VO_2Peak), metabolic equivalent (MET) and slope of respiratory minute volume to CO₂ (V_E/VCO₂) production were evaluated and compared between sexes, and two different age groups (younger group, 10 to 14 years vs. older group, ≥15 years). Results are presented as mean±standard deviation and range. Statistical analysis was done by the SPSS ver. 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A two sample t-test was used to compare the means of continuous variable with a normal distribution, and Mann-Whiteny U test for continuous variables without normal distribution. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The Institutional Review Board reviewed and approved the study.

Table 1

Patients' baseline clinical characteristics

Results

A total of 76 children and adolescents (46 males, 30 females) were enrolled in this study with an age range of 7-19 years (mean, 13.05±2.38 years). Mean height, body weight and body mass index were 155.98±12.12 cm (range, 128 to 185 cm), 48.34±12.74 kg (range, 20 to 95 kg) and 19.6±3.32 kg/m² (range, 8.5 to 28.9 kg/m²), respectively (Table 1). All subjects performed the CPET without complication or event and were able to complete the protocol. There were no electrocardiographic abnormalities during exercise test.

Compared to girls, boys had higher VO_2Peak, MET_Max but similar V_E/VCO₂ and maximal heart rate (HR_Max) (Table 2). However, there was significant difference in age between boys and girls. Thus, we divided study subjects into two groups; younger group (10 to 14 years old) and older group (≥15 years old). In younger group, there was no significant difference in VO_2Peak, MET_Max and V_E/VCO₂ between boys and girls. On the other hand, in older group, higher VO_2Peak, MET_Max and lower V_E/VCO₂ were observed in boys (Table 3). According to age, there was no significant change of the VO_2Peak between younger group and older group in both boys and girls. However, there was a significant decrease in V_E/VCO₂ in older boys but not in older girls (Fig. 1).

Table 2

Cardiopulmonary exercise data for boys (n=46) and girls (n=30)

Table 3

Cardiopulmonary exercise data according to the age groups

Fig. 1

(A) Cardiopulmonary exercise data according for boys, according to the age group. (B) Cardiopulmonary exercise data for girls, according to the age group.

Discussion

The CPET has been used in wide spectrum of clinical applications for evaluation undiagnosed exercise intolerance; for objective determination of functional capacity and impairment; and for evaluation of the effect of a specific intervention. Thereby, the CPET can provide the doctor with relevant information for clinical decision making. However, the exercise test may result in unexpected harmful event including cardiac arrest, severe dyspnea, fatal arrhythmia and cyanosis. Moreover, some subjects may fall by the wayside when the test is getting harder. Especially, in children and adolescents, there are some difficulties; small body size in relation to the equipment; poor peak exercise performance capacity in increasing of work rate; shorter attention span and lower motivation leading to poor compliance. Thus, the test should be performed by experienced staff and the laboratory should be equipped with emergency equipment in comfortable and professional environment.

The CPET involves measurements of variables such as respiratory oxygen uptake (VO₂), carbon dioxide production (VCO₂), and ventilator efficiency (V_E) during a symptom-limited exercise test. VO₂ is determined by cardiac output and the difference of oxygen content between arterial and venous blood by the Fick equation. One MET is the resting oxygen uptake in a sitting position and equals 3.5 mL/kg/min13). The maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2Max) is the most important variable and represents the exercise capacity of a subject. In healthy subject, a VO₂ plateau is found at near maximal exercise. This plateau in VO₂ has been traditionally used as the best evidence of VO_2Max. However, clinically, the obtainment of clear plateau in VO₂ is not easy. Consequently, peak VO₂ is often used as an estimate of VO_2Max14), and in this study, we used the peak VO₂ as substitute for VO_2Max. The VO_2Max is considered to be the best parameter for exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary fitness15). It is best predictor for survival not only of patients with heart failure5,16) or coronary arteries disease17,18), but also of the general population19). The V_E/VCO₂ has been alternative prognostic indicator in patients with chronic heart failure13), and V_E/VCO₂ means how many liters of air are being breathed to eliminate 1 liter of CO₂. The abnormally high value of V_E/VCO₂ is associated with poor outcomes4,20).

In this study, we observed that exercise capacity resented by VO_2peak is better in boys than girl. However, in younger group (10 to 14 years), there is no difference in exercise capacity between boys and girls. On the other hand, in older group (≥15 years), the exercise capacity is better in boys. This difference may be caused by different somatic scale, body components (i.e., body fat) and growth pattern11,12). There was no significant difference in exercise capacity according to age in both boys and girls (Fig. 1). Many authors reported on the contribution of biological maturity and body fat to exercise capacity21,22). VO_2Max per unit body mass (mL/kg/min) increases slightly with stage of maturity in boys, but tends to decrease with stage of maturity in girls. Cross-sectional studies have shown a clear inverse relationship between aerobic fitness and body fatness in children23). That is, in immature children, there is no significant difference in body mass between boys and girls, resulting in similar VO_2Max. However, in mature adolescents, there is significant difference in body mass due to increasing body fat, resulting in significant difference of VO_2Max.

The V_E/VCO₂ has been attributed to maldistribution of pulmonary blood flow with increased physiological dead space ventilation12). The decrease in V_E/VCO₂ with advancing age has been known by a slightly lower pressure of CO₂ set point during exercise in the younger children and higher breathing efficiency in older children12). In this study, the decrease in V_E/VCO₂ was prominent in boys but not in girls. This also may be due to increased body fat and different growth pattern in girls11,12).

In conclusion, there are few normal reference data of CPET in healthy children and adolescents. This study was performed to provide normal reference data of Korean children and adolescents and we expect this study will be helpful in understanding and estimating the exercise capacity of children and adolescents in clinical setting. In applying to practice, we consider the differences of sex; the stage of maturity; obesity. But there are some limitations. First, number of subjects are small, especially in younger than 10 years old. Second, we have no hematologic data (i.e., hemoglobin, lipid, cardiac marker). Third, we could not reflect the sexual maturation (i.e., Tanner stage).

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