Diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease

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Abstract

Introduction

Kawasaki disease is an acute, self-limited systemic type of vasculitis that occurs predominantly in young children. After the 1st report by Tomisaku Kawasaki in Japan1), it is now recognized as the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. The etiology of Kawasaki disease is still unknown and no single pathognomonic clinical or laboratory finding for the diagnosis has been identified. To establish a diagnosis, we inevitably depend on the diagnostic criteria, which are the typical constellation of signs and symptoms, prepared by the Japanese Kawasaki Disease Research Committee2) or the American Heart Association (AHA)3). However, pediatricians sometimes encounter febrile children who do not fulfill the diagnostic criteria but have several findings compatible with those of Kawasaki disease. In this situation, the diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease is a clinical challenge, which cannot be avoided by delaying the diagnosis because of the risk of coronary complications pertaining even to the incomplete presentation of the disease4,5). The diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease is reviewed in this paper.

Use of terms "incomplete" or "atypical"

The phrase "atypical Kawasaki disease" was initially used to describe patients with coronary complications who do not fulfill the classical diagnostic criteria6). Recently, the term "atypical Kawasaki disease" has been used to describe patients with incomplete presentation of the disease, regardless of the presence of coronary complications7,8), and is exchangeable for "incomplete Kawasaki disease"2,5). Newburger et al.9) proposed that "atypical Kawasaki disease" should be reserved for patients with complications, e.g., renal impairment, that are generally not seen in Kawasaki disease. This proposition has been supported by other authors4,10,11).

Diagnostic criteria of Kawasaki disease

The diagnostic criteria established by the AHA (Table 1)3) are different from the Japanese criteria (Table 2)2) with regard to fever prolongation (≥5 days) as a necessary criterion. In the Japanese criteria, fever prolongation is just an optional criterion and there is no description of the size of cervical lymph nodes (Table 2). In spite of rarely reported cases of Kawasaki disease without fever12), a diagnosis of complete Kawasaki disease is not difficult in typical cases without regard to a selected criteria. Because of a need for early diagnosis and management and alleviation of fever after early infusion of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), the duration of fever was modified in the commentary in both criteria2,3). According to the AHA criteria, experienced clinicians who have treated many Kawasaki disease patients can establish the diagnosis before day 49), and a duration of fever of less than 5 days, which can be achieved by early IVIG treatment, can be considered as a principal symptom according to the Japanese criteria2).

Table 1

Classical Diagnostic Clinical Criteria of Kawasaki Disease Prepared by the American Heart Association3)

Table 2

Six principal symptoms in the diagnostic guidelines for Kawasaki disease prepared by the Japanese Kawasaki Disease Research Committee2)

Incomplete Kawasaki disease as a continuous spectrum of complete presentation of the disease

The reported prevalence of incomplete presentation was 15 to 36.2% among patients with Kawasaki disease4,5,7,10,11,13-15). Children with incomplete presentation were more likely to be at the extremes of the age spectrum as compared to those with complete presentation. The prevalence of incomplete presentation was relatively higher in the younger-aged patients16,17). One study reported that patients with incomplete presentation were younger than patients with complete presentation15). In other reports, there was no difference in the mean/median age between the 2 groups5,10,11). However, relatively more children with incomplete presentation were in the extremes of the age spectrum (≤1 year old, or ≥5 to 9 years old)4,11). The risk of delayed diagnosis and management in young infants with incomplete presentation has been pointed out in the past18,19).

No other demographic features (including gender), except the prevalent age, has been reported to be different between patients with incomplete and complete presentation4,11,15). The presence of classical clinical findings in patients with incomplete presentation is properly less frequent than in patients with complete presentation. The frequently reported findings which less frequently observed in incomplete presentation are cervical lymphadenopathy (19 to 38.6%) and extremity changes (21 to 44.3%), and this pattern of order of observed frequencies is equal to that noted in patients with complete presentation4,10,11,20). Comparison of laboratory findings (complete blood count, albumin, hepatic transaminase, acute phase reactants) between these 2 groups also showed no significant differences11,20,21). However, low levels of serum alanine aminotransferase10,11,20), low levels of gamma glutamyl transferase10), low frequency of hyponatremia22), and low frequency of pyuria were reported in children with incomplete presentation20). Several authors who had compared clinical characteristics between the 2 forms of Kawasaki disease suggested that they are not separate entities but are probably located along a continuous spectrum, placing more weight on demographic and laboratory similarities between the 2 groups8,10,11). On the basis of this suggestion, making the diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease in analogy to the findings of complete presentation could be reasonable.

Contradicting studies reported incomplete presentation of Kawasaki disease in children to be associated with higher risk4,5,10,15), similar risk11), or lower risk21) of coronary artery abnormalities compared to children with complete presentation. Sudo et al.15) concluded that the higher incidence of coronary artery lesions in patients with incomplete presentation was firstly due to diagnostic bias because of the use of echocardiography in the diagnostic process, and secondly due to delays in the treatment because of difficulties in making the diagnosis. Restricting the diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease within children with echocardiographic coronary artery abnormalities will result in above mentioned diagnostic bias. Manlhiot et al.11) elucidated equal incidences of coronary artery abnormalities between both patient groups using their definition of incomplete presentation of Kawasaki disease in which the use of echocardiography is excluded. In children with incomplete Kawasaki disease, the time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis has been reported to be longer5,11,15), and they are less likely to receive IVIG than children with complete presentation11,15). Sudo et al.15) performed multivariate analysis to delineate risk factors of coronary artery lesions and showed that late IVIG treatment (≥7 days of illness) was a significant risk factor of coronary artery lesions in both patient groups.

Guidelines for the diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease

The presence of coronary artery abnormalities has been used as criterion for the diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease2,6). According to the Japanese criteria, this criterion can only be used in cases with 4 principal symptoms2). Many authors believed that this definition is too restrictive and specific7). There are at least 3 problems with this restrictive definition of incomplete presentation. First of all, pediatric clinicians sometimes encounter cases in which Kawasaki disease is suspected with less than 4 principal symptoms. In the diagnostic criteria for incomplete presentation prepared by the AHA, a diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease is possible in cases with fever and 2 principal features (according to Japanese criteria, 3 principal symptoms)9). Secondly, the presence of coronary artery abnormalities is in itself an unfavorable outcome of the disease. The duration of fever has been confirmed as an important risk factor of coronary artery abnormalities23-25). Therefore, it may induce a delay of management to postpone diagnosis of incomplete presentation until confirming of coronary artery abnormality. One study in which the definition of incomplete Kawasaki disease included coronary involvement showed higher coronary complications in the group of infants younger than 6 months of age which had more cases of incomplete disease16). Finally, the Japanese Ministry of Health criteria (Table 3B)26), which have been used as a standard for the diagnosis of coronary complications, are too restrictive. De Zorzi et al.27) showed that the z score of coronary arteries (adjusted for body surface area) was more than 2 in 27% of children with Kawasaki disease whose coronary artery diameters were classified as normal according to the Japanese Ministry of Health criteria. The increase of body surface area-adjusted z score of the coronary diameter was adopted as a standard of coronary artery dilatation in the diagnostic criteria of incomplete Kawasaki disease by the AHA9).

Table 3

Supplemental Laboratory Criteria (A) and Echocardiographic Criteria (B) for the Diagnosis of Incomplete Kawasaki Disease Prepared by the American Heart Association9)

Sudo et al.15) collected data from a total of 23,263 cases with Kawasaki disease in the nationwide survey of Japan from 2007 through 2008. Incomplete Kawasaki disease was defined as the presence of ≤4 principal symptoms of the Japanese criteria, regardless of whether the patient had coronary artery abnormalities15). The prevalence of coronary artery abnormalities was 13.1% in cases with incomplete presentation15). Due to the nature of that study, it was impossible to standardize the diagnostic criteria across all centers; therefore, the clinicians' judgment and local policies may have played a significant role in those cases with few classical diagnostic criteria15). In the incomplete presentation group, 271 children (1.2%) with only 1 or 2 principal symptoms were included15). Currently, a diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease might be made in cases with fewer classical diagnostic criteria and with several compatible clinical, laboratory, or echocardiographic findings, excluding those of other febrile illnesses. This survey15) reflects the current practice of diagnosing incomplete Kawasaki disease.

According to the diagnostic criteria of incomplete Kawasaki disease established by the AHA, children ≥6 months of age with incomplete presentation might have unexplained fever for ≥5 days associated with 2 or 3 of the principal clinical features (compatible with 3 or 4 principal symptoms of the Japanese criteria) in the acute phase9). The AHA recommended a diagnostic algorithm of incomplete Kawasaki disease which comprises of 6 supplemental laboratory and echocardiographic criteria (Table 3)9). More than 3 laboratory criteria support the diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease (Table 3A). For judging an anemia and an abnormal level of alanine aminotransferase, clinicians should refer to the normal level. Echocardiogram is considered diagnostically positive if any of the following 3 conditions are met: z score of the left anterior descending or right coronary arteries ≥2.5, coronary arteries meet the Japanese Ministry of Health criteria for aneurysms26), or ≥3 other suggestive features exist (Table 3B). Several echocardiographic criteria, except the z score of coronary arteries, are qualitative parameters. Recently, quantitation of the perivascular brightness of coronary arteries was performed in children with Kawasaki disease, but its diagnostic validity could not be demonstrated28). Decreased myocardial contractility caused by myocarditis, which is histologically universal, is common during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease29,30). Thus, evaluation of myocardial contractility is an important step in the initial diagnosis of Kawasaki disease and was adopted as an echocardiographic criterion. Left ventricular dimensions/volumes, shortening fraction or ejection fraction via the M-mode in parasternal view or via a 2-dimensional examination in apical view are recommended parameters, because they are readily measurable and adequate for routine follow-up9). Left ventricular myocardial deformation was analyzed during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease in 1 study31), but the systolic strain rate of the myocardium was not superior to other conventional echocardiographic methods for detecting decreased myocardial contractility. No convincing quantitative threshold values have been proposed for the decision of abnormal pericardial effusion or mitral regurgitation during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease. Newburger et al.9) acknowledged the diagnostic criteria for incomplete Kawasaki disease prepared by them to be only an informed opinion of a committee of experts (evidence level C). Yellen et al.20) tested the performance of the diagnostic criteria established by the AHA and reported an applicability of 97%. However, their study subjects were restricted to cases with coronary artery aneurysms. The validity of the diagnostic criteria of incomplete Kawasaki disease established by the AHA should be thoroughly tested in the immediate future because such a systematized guideline is very much needed in pediatric clinical practice.

Additional diagnostically helpful findings are inflammation at the Bacille Calmette-Guérin inoculation site32), anterior uveitis10,18), elevated levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)33-36) and N-terminal pro-BNP37), hyponatremia22), elevation of the left ventricular mass38), and diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle35,39). The diagnostic validities of these clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic findings should also be tested in the future.

Conclusions

Currently, the diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease might be made in cases with fewer classical diagnostic criteria and with several compatible clinical, laboratory, or echocardiographic findings, excluding those of other febrile illnesses. In addition, the validity of the diagnostic criteria of incomplete Kawasaki disease prepared by the AHA should be tested in the future.

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