All issues > Volume 55(3); 2012

Original Article

Published online: March 16, 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2012.55.3.88

A study of the relationship between clinical phenotypes and plasma iduronate-2-sulfatase enzyme activities in Hunter syndrome patients

Ok Jeong Lee, MD^1,*, Su-Jin Kim, MD^2,*, Young Bae Sohn, MD, PhD¹, Hyung-Doo Park, MD, PhD³, Soo-Youn Lee, MD, PhD³, Chi-Hwa Kim, PhD⁴, Ah-Ra Ko, PhD⁴, Yeon-Joo Yook, MS⁴, Su-Jin Lee, AS⁴, Sung Won Park, MD¹, Se-Hwa Kim, MD¹, Sung-Yoon Cho, MD¹, Eun-Kyung Kwon, RN¹, Sun Ju Han, RN¹, Dong-Kyu Jin, MD, PhD¹

¹Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

²Center of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.

³Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

⁴Clinical Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Dong-Kyu Jin, MD, PhD. Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Korea. Tel: +82-2-3410-3525, Fax: +82-2-3410-0043, jindk@skku.edu

Received July 18, 2011       Revised October 11, 2011       Accepted November 25, 2011

Copyright © 2012 by The Korean Pediatric Society

(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/):

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

Purpose

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II or Hunter syndrome) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) deficiency. MPS II causes a wide phenotypic spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. IDS activity, which is measured in leukocyte pellets or fibroblasts, was reported to be related to clinical phenotype by Sukegawa-Hayasaka et al. Measurement of residual plasma IDS activity using a fluorometric assay is simpler than conventional measurements using skin fibroblasts or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This is the first study to describe the relationship between plasma IDS activity and clinical phenotype of MPS II.

Methods

Methods

We hypothesized that residual plasma IDS activity is related to clinical phenotype. We classified 43 Hunter syndrome patients as having attenuated or severe disease types based on clinical characteristics, especially intellectual and cognitive status. There were 27 patients with the severe type and 16 with the attenuated type. Plasma IDS activity was measured by a fluorometric enzyme assay using 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-iduronate 2-sulphate.

Results

Results

Plasma IDS activity in patients with the severe type was significantly lower than that in patients with the attenuated type (P=0.006). The optimal cut-off value of plasma IDS activity for distinguishing the severe type from the attenuated type was 0.63 nmol·4 hr^-1·mL^-1. This value had 88.2% sensitivity, 65.4% specificity, and an area under receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) curve of 0.768 (ROC curve analysis; P=0.003).

Conclusion

Conclusion

These results show that the mild phenotype may be related to residual lysosomal enzyme activity.

Key words: Hunter syndrome, Mucopolysaccharidosis II, Iduronate sulfatase, Genotype phenotype

Introduction

Introduction

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome; MIM 309900) is an X-linked degenerative disorder caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS)¹⁾. The predominant clinical characteristics of MPS II include coarse facial features, stiff joints, hepatosplenomegaly, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, developmental delay, and mental retardation²⁾. MPS II manifests with a wide phenotypic spectrum and cases of this disorder can be classified into severe and attenuated types. The severe type is characterized by an onset of symptoms by 2 to 4 years of age, progression of somatic symptoms, severe cognitive impairment during childhood, and death by the teenage years. The attenuated type is associated with a later onset during childhood, a slower and milder progression of somatic disease, little to no cognitive impairment, and survival into adulthood³⁾. Deletions and gross rearrangements of the IDS gene are associated with severe MPS II, whereas missense mutations are more often associated with the attenuated form4,-⁶⁾.

IDS activity, which is measured in leukocyte pellets or fibroblasts, has been reported by Sukegawa-Hayasaka et al.⁷⁾ to have a relationship with clinical phenotypes. However, no study about the relationship between plasma IDS activity and clinical phenotypes of MPS II patients has been conducted. If the relationship exists, we can hypothesize that the mild phenotype may result from some residual activities of the lysosomal enzymes. Our study is the first to describe the relationship between plasma IDS activity measured with a fluorimetric enzyme assay and MPS II clinical phenotypes.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods

1. Subjects

1. Subjects

We included 43 male patients with MPS II who were diagnosed at the Samsung Medical Center between April 1995 and May 2011. All patients or their parents and legal representatives provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board committee.

MPS II was tentatively diagnosed based on clinical findings as well as abnormal excretion of urinary glycosaminoglycan. Genetic tests as well as enzyme assays using leukocyte pellets were used to confirm the diagnosis of 43 patients. Mutations of IDS were identified in all cases. Clinical phenotypes of the patients were classified as severe if the patients had cognitive impairment, and as attenuated if no cognitive impairment was observed even with pronounced bone and visceral involvement. This classification was based on a report by Froissart et al.⁸⁾ The cognitive function of patients was evaluated as 6 parts which include consciousness, orientation, speech (receptive, expressive), calculation, memory and judgment. If the patients had similar level of cognitive function of the age or orientation, language, calculation and memory to do normal living, they were classified as attenuated type. If not, as severe type.

2. Methods

2. Methods

Plasma IDS activity was measured with a fluorimetric enzyme assay using 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-iduronate 2-sulphate according to the method by Voznyi et al.⁹⁾. The reference range of plasma IDS activity was 167 to 475 nmol/4 hr/mL. For the standard IDS assay, reaction mixtures contained 10 µL 5x diluted plasma to which 20 µL 1.25 mmol/L MU-αIdoA-2S in 0.1 mol/L sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 10 mmol/L lead acetate and 0.02% sodium azide was added. The reaction mixtures were incubated for 4 hours at 37℃.

Next, 20 µL of concentrated McIlvain's buffer (pH 4.5; 0.4 mol/L Na-phosphate and 0.2 mol/L citrate) and 10 µL (16 µg protein) of partially purified α-iduronidase from rabbit liver (preparation essentially according to the method of Verheijen et al.¹⁰⁾) were added and the solution was incubated for 24 hours at 37℃. Reactions were terminated by adding 200 µL of 0.5 mol/L Na₂CO₃/NaHCO₃ (pH 10.7). The fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone (MU) was measured with an Aminco-Bowman Series 2 (Thermo Electron Co., Madison, WI, USA).

3. Statistical analysis

3. Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 18.0 (IBM Co., New York, NY, USA). The data were first analyzed using descriptive statistics (median and range). Due to the non-normal distribution, a non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney test) was used to compare age and plasma IDS activity between severe and attenuated type patients. Receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive accuracy of plasma IDS activity for distinguishing severe and attenuated types. P values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Results

1. Patients

1. Patients

This study conducted on total 43 male patients with MPS II. Twenty-six patients (60.5%) were classified as having the severe type, and 11 patients (39.5%) were diagnosed as having the attenuated type. The median age of patients with the sever type was 9.5 years (range, 4 to 19 years), and 10 years (range, 4 to 34 years) for attenuated type patients. Patient age was not statistically different between patients with severe type and ones with the attenuated type (P=0.405). Clinical characteristics of the patients are presented in Table 1.

2. Plasma IDS activity

2. Plasma IDS activity

As shown Table 1, the median of plasma IDS activity was 0.62 nmol/4 hr/mL (range, 0 to 7.46 nmol/4 hr/mL) in for severe type patients and 0.94 nmol/4 hr/mL (range, 0.31 to 8.18 nmol/4 hr/mL) for patients with the attenuated type. Comparison of severe type and attenuated type patients showed statistically differences in plasma IDS activity. Plasma IDS activity (Table 1, Fig. 1) in individuals with the severe type was significantly lower than that of attenuated type patients (P=0.006). The optimal cut-off value of plasma IDS activity for distinguishing severe type from attenuated type was 0.63 nmol/4 hr/mL. This value had an 88.2% sensitivity, 65.4% specificity, and the area under ROC curve (AUC) was 0.768 (P=0.003) (Table 2, Fig. 2).

Discussion

Discussion

MPS II is characterized by a wide phenotypic spectrum; cases of this disease can be classified into severe and attenuated types³⁾. However, evaluation of clinical phenotypes is particularly difficult since patients are typically young at the time of diagnosis and there is no standardized index to score severity¹¹⁾. The relationship between IDS activity and clinical phenotypes was previously noted in 2006 by Sukegawa-Hayasaka et al.⁷⁾. They measured IDS activity with the procedure of Hall et al.¹²⁾ using radiolabelled disaccharide as the substrate. In 2001, Voznyi et al.⁹⁾ developed a fluorimetric enzyme assay to measure IDS activity in fibroblasts, leukocytes, and plasma. Aside from being specific and sensitive, the IDS assay used in this study is less cumbersome and labor-intensive compared to assays using radiolabelled disaccharide. In particular, measuring residual plasma enzyme activity is a simpler method than examining skin fibroblasts or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Therefore, the plasma IDS assay can be a useful method for evaluating MPS II patients. This is the first study showing the relationship between clinical phenotypes of MPS II patients and plasma IDS activity measured with a fluorimetric enzyme assay.

In this study, the plasma IDS activities of 43 male patients with MPS II were measured. Our study found a statistically significant difference in plasma IDS activities according to different clinical phenotypes of MPS II patients. Plasma IDS activity in severe type was significantly lower (P=0.006) than those with the attenuated type (Table 1, Fig. 1). In addition, the cut-off value of plasma IDS activity that could differentiate the severe type from the attenuated type was found to be 0.63 nmol/4 hr/mL with 88.2% sensitivity, 65.4% specificity, and an AUC of 0.768 (P=0.003) (Table 2, Fig. 2). In individuals with the severe type, 34.6% (9/26) of the patients had the same or higher plasma IDS activity than the cut-off value of 0.63 nmol/4 hr/mL; this was also observed in 88.2% (15/17) of patients with the attenuated type. Our findings suggest that patients with a plasma IDS activity less than 0.63 nmol/4 hr/mL are likely to be diagnosed with the severe type.

One limitation of this study was that the number of patients was relatively small. Our study also lacked a standardized scoring index of severity¹¹⁾. Furthermore, clinical phenotypes can change because the intellectual level of the patients can become more evident over time¹³⁾. Therefore, a multicenter, large-scale study and the development of a standardized scoring system for classifying clinical phenotypes are needed.

In conclusion, the relationship between clinical phenotypes of MPS II patients and plasma IDS activity exits. Therefore we can hypothesize that the mild phenotype may result from some residual activities of the lysosomal enzymes.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs; Republic of Korea (A080588), a Samsung Biomedical Research Institute grant (SBRI C-A6-227-3, C-A9-240-2), and the In-Sung Foundation for Medical Research.

References

1. Wilson PJ, Morris CP, Anson DS, Occhiodoro T, Bielicki J, Clements PR, et al. Hunter syndrome: isolation of an iduronate-2-sulfatase cDNA clone and analysis of patient DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:8531–8535.
[Article] [PubMed] [PMC]

2. Young ID, Harper PS, Newcombe RG, Archer IM. A clinical and genetic study of Hunter's syndrome. 2. Differences between the mild and severe forms. J Med Genet 1982;19:408–411.
[Article] [PubMed] [PMC]

3. Okuyama T, Tanaka A, Suzuki Y, Ida H, Tanaka T, Cox GF, et al. Japan Elaprase Treatment (JET) study: idursulfase enzyme replacement therapy in adult patients with attenuated Hunter syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis II, MPS II). Mol Genet Metab 2010;99:18–25.
[Article] [PubMed]

4. Timms KM, Bondeson ML, Ansari-Lari MA, Lagerstedt K, Muzny DM, Dugan-Rocha SP, et al. Molecular and phenotypic variation in patients with severe Hunter syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 1997;6:479–486.
[Article] [PubMed]

5. Wilson PJ, Suthers GK, Callen DF, Baker E, Nelson PV, Cooper A, et al. Frequent deletions at Xq28 indicate genetic heterogeneity in Hunter syndrome. Hum Genet 1991;86:505–508.
[PubMed]

6. Yamada Y, Tomatsu S, Sukegawa K, Suzuki Y, Kondo N, Hopwood JJ, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter disease): 13 gene mutations in 52 Japanese patients and carrier detection in four families. Hum Genet 1993;92:110–114.
[PubMed]

7. Sukegawa-Hayasaka K, Kato Z, Nakamura H, Tomatsu S, Fukao T, Kuwata K, et al. Effect of Hunter disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II) mutations on molecular phenotypes of iduronate-2-sulfatase: enzymatic activity, protein processing and structural analysis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2006;29:755–761.
[Article] [PubMed]

8. Froissart R, Moreira da Silva I, Guffon N, Bozon D, Maire I. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II--genotype/phenotype aspects. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2002;91:82–87.
[Article]

9. Voznyi YV, Keulemans JL, van Diggelen OP. A fluorimetric enzyme assay for the diagnosis of MPS II (Hunter disease). J Inherit Metab Dis 2001;24:675–680.
[Article] [PubMed]

10. Verheijen F, Brossmer R, Galjaard H. Purification of acid beta-galactosidase and acid neuraminidase from bovine testis: evidence for an enzyme complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982;108:868–875.
[Article] [PubMed]

11. Froissart R, Da Silva IM, Maire I. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II: an update on mutation spectrum. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2007;96:71–77.
[Article]

12. Hall CW, Liebaers I, Di Natale P, Neufeld EF. Enzymic diagnosis of the genetic mucopolysaccharide storage disorders. Methods Enzymol 1978;50:439–456.
[Article] [PubMed]

13. Sohn YB, Ki CS, Kim CH, Ko AR, Yook YJ, Lee SJ, et al. Identification of 11 novel mutations in 49 Korean patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II. Clin Genet 2012;81:185–190.
[Article] [PubMed]

Fig. 1

Plasma iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) activity of patients with different mucopolysaccharidosis type II phenotypes. The horizontal bars inside boxes signify the median values, the limits of the boxes denote the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the upper and lower whiskers represent the range. Three outlier values (7.46 for the severe type, and 8.18 and 2.71 for the attenuated type) were excluded from this plot. Plasma IDS activity in severe type patients was significantly lower than that of the attenuated type patients (P=0.006).

Fig. 2

Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves for different cut-off values of plasma iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) activity in mucopolysaccharidosis type II patients. The optimal cut-off value of plasma IDS activity that can differentiate the severe type from the attenuated type was found to be 0.63 nmol/4 hr/mL with 88.2% sensitivity, 65.4% specificity, and an area under the ROC curve of 0.768 (95% confidence interval; P=0.003).

Table 1

Clinical Characteristics of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II Patients with Different Disease Phenotypes

IDS, iduronate-2-sulfatase.

Table 2

Iduronate-2-Sulfatase (IDS) Activity Cut-off Values for Severe and Attenuated Types of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II

AUC, area under receiver-operator characteristic curve.