All issues > Volume 59(2); 2016

Case Report

Published online: February 29, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2016.59.2.91

A new mosaic der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1;q21.3) with developmental delay and facial dysmorphism

Young-Jin Choi, MD¹, Eunsim Shin, PhD², Tae Sik Jo, MD¹, Jin-Hwa Moon, MD¹, Se-Min Lee, MD¹, Joo-Hwa Kim, MD¹, Jae-Won Oh, MD¹, Chang-Ryul Kim, MD¹, In Joon Seol, MD¹

¹Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

²Genome Research Center, Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Jin-Hwa Moon, MD, PhD. Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Guri Hospital,153 Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyunggi-do 11923, Korea. Tel: +82-31-560-2258, Fax: +82-31-552-9493, jhmoon@hyumc.com

Received February 27, 2014       Revised June 19, 2014       Accepted June 25, 2014

Copyright © 2016 by The Korean Pediatric Society

(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/):

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

We report the case of a 22-month-old boy with a new mosaic partial unbalanced translocation of 1q and 18q. The patient was referred to our Pediatric Department for developmental delay. He showed mild facial dysmorphism, physical growth retardation, a hearing disability, and had a history of patent ductus arteriosus. White matter abnormality on brain magnetic resonance images was also noted. His initial routine chromosomal analysis revealed a normal 46,XY karyotype. In a microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis, subtle copy number changes in 1q32.1–q44 (copy gain) and 18q21.33–18q23 (copy loss) suggested an unbalanced translocation of t(1;18). Repeated chromosomal analysis revealed a low-level mosaic translocation karyotype of 46,XY,der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1;q21.3)[12]/46,XY[152]. Because his parents had normal karyotypes, his translocation was considered to be de novo. The abnormalities observed in aCGH were confirmed by metaphase fluorescent in situ hybridization. We report this patient as a new karyotype presenting developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, cerebral dysmyelination, and other abnormalities.

Key words: 1q duplication, 18q deletion, Array comparative genomic hybridization, Developmental delay, Dysmorphism

Introduction

Introduction

Among the chromosomal aberration syndromes, 1q duplications and 18q deletions have been reported separately. 18q deletion is relatively common occurring in approximately 1/40,000 live births¹⁾. The phenotype of 18q-syndrome is variable depending on the deleted region and size. Typical forms of 18q-syndrome include developmental delay, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, growth retardation, congenital aural atresia, hypotonia, and limb anomalies^1,2). In patients with distal 18q22.3-23 deletions, dysmyelination and poor differentiation of grey and white matter on brain magnetic resonance image (MRI) have been reported³⁾. Myelin basic protein (MBP) defect, contained in this region is considered responsible for brain dysmyelination. Galanin receptor (GALR1) gene is also located on 18q23, which may be responsible for growth retardation of 18q-syndromes²⁾.

1q partial trisomy is a rare condition and often reported accompanying other imbalances. Clinical features include plagiocephaly, large fontanelles, prominent forehead, down slanting palpebral fissures, low set ears, and others⁴⁾.

Recent advanced genome wide screening with micro array-based cytogenetic technologies enabled us to detect the genomic imbalances with only a few hundred base pairs. Although interpretations of significance are not always possible, microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) increases the identification of micro duplications or deletions in patients with previously unknown causes of congenital abnormalities and developmental delay⁵⁾.

We report on a 22-month-old boy presenting developmental delay and other abnormalities who was subsequently diagnosed with a new translocation karyotype of46,XY,der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1; q21.3)[12]/46,XY[152] (7.3% mosaicism) by aCGH, which had not been recognized by routine chromosomal analysis. To our knowledge, this is a newly found partial unbalanced translocation of 1q and 18q.

Case report

Case report

The 22-month-old patient was referred to our Pediatric Neurology Department for developmental delay. He was born at 40 weeks of gestation by repeated caesarean with no complications and a birth weight of 2,880 g (10th–25th percentile). He was a second child from a 36-year-old Korean father with mild hearing impairment and 27-year-old Filipino mother in good health. The patient's 4-year-old sister was in normal development. At 9 days old, he was sent to a pediatric cardiologist for heart murmur and diagnosed with a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), tricuspid regurgitation (TR) (grade IV) and mitral regurgitation (grade II) by echocardiography. A follow-up echocardiogram at 14 months showed disappearance of the PDA and minimal TR. He had experienced repeated respiratory infection and otitis media, and was once admitted for bronchitis at 14 months old.

At 22 months old, patient's height was 74 cm (<3 percentile), weight 9.6 kg (<3 percentile) and head circumference 45.1 cm (<3 percentile). On physical examination, he exhibited a mild dysmorphism of the face with frontal bossing, slight narrowing face, down slanting palpebral fissures, low lying ears, mild hypertelorism and a flat nose (Fig. 1A). Both ankles had mild contractures. He was not hypotonic, but tendon reflexes of both knees were slightly increased.

The patient began standing with assistance at 14 months old but could not stand or walk alone. He spoke his first word at 12 months but could only say 3 meaningful words—um-ma (mama), a-bba (papa), a-ppa (painful). He showed generalized developmental delay in standardized Korean infant and child development tests at 22 months old. Total developmental quotient (DQ) was 61.7, and total developmental age (DA) corresponded to 14.3 months old: The DQs (corresponding DAs) of Gross Motor/Fine Motor/Personal Social/Language/Cognitive Adaptive areas were 47.8 (11 months)/60.8 (14 months)/78.2 (18 months)/52.1 (12 months)/69.5 (16 months).

Laboratory findings at 22 months old were white blood cell 11,000/mm³, haemoglobin 12.2 g/dL, and platelet 333/mm³. Blood gases, electrolytes, blood ammonia, lactate/pyruvate, ketone, glucose, thyroid function tests, and serum IgA level were within normal range. Abdominal ultrasonography showed no organomegaly. Skeletal structures were normal. Electro encephalogram was normal. Brain MRI showed mild increased T2 signal in bilateral periventricular white matter (Fig. 1B). Upon otological examination, he was diagnosed with hearing impairment (right, 70 dB; left, 50 dB).

At 39 months old, he had been able to walk unassisted since 29 months; however, he could say only 3–4 meaningful words. His development was assessed as being increasingly more delayed: total DQ 53.7, total DA 18.8 month. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 was under 25.0 ng/mL (reference, 54–178 ng/mL), and human growth hormone (GH) was 1.3 ng/mL (reference, <0.7–6 ng/mL). At that time, his parents agreed to conduct genetic analysis.

1. Cytogenetic analysis

1. Cytogenetic analysis

The patient's first chromosomal analysis was done by GTL-banding with a banding resolution of 550 (20 cells). The second analysis was performed after aCGH analysis and was done by GTG-banding with a banding resolution of 550 (164 cells) (Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea).

2. Oligonucleotide aCGH

2. Oligonucleotide aCGH

Oligonucleotide-based microarray analysis was performed using a 135K CGX-3 whole-genome microarray (Roche NimbleGen, Madison, WI, USA). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, and the patient's DNA and normal control DNA (Human Genomic DNA: Male/Female, Promega, Madison, WI, USA) were labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 with a Roche NimleGen DNA labeling kit. Array hybridization, washing and scanning were performed as specified by the manufacturer (Roche NimbleGen).

3. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis

3. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of 150 Metaphase and 50 interphase FISH analysis were done using bacterial artificial chromosome, clone, RP11-370K11(1q44), and RP11-849I 19 (18q23),which located regions of gain or loss.

The patient's initial conventional cytogenetic analysis was normal 46,XY. However, abnormal signals in the brain MRI and the patient's dysmorphic face suggested chromosomal aberration syndrome. Subsequent aCGH analysis revealed a subtle copy-number gain of 2,255 oligo probes spanning ~46.38 Mb at 1q32.1 –1q44 (chr1:200,797,519–247,174,728) and a subtle copy-number loss of 874 oligo probes spanning ~46.38 Mb at 18q21.33–18q23 (chr18:58,962,170–76,114,684) (Fig. 2). These findings suggested the possibility of partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 1 and partial loss of the long arm of chromosome 18.

Repeated chromosomal analysis with a large number of cells revealed unbalanced translocation karyotype of 46,XY,der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1;q21.3)[12]/46,XY[152] (Fig. 3), which indicated the 7.3% of mosaicism.

Abnormalities were confirmed by FISH using 1q44 and 18q23 probes. Among 200 total cells, 185 cells (92.5%) showed 2 red and 2 green signals, and 15 cells showed (7.5%) 3 green signals and 1 red signal (Fig. 4).

As the mother's and father's chromosomes turned out normal (46,XX and 46,XY, respectively), the translocation was a de novo mutation. The patient is currently undergoing rehabilitation therapies and scheduled for GH treatment.

Discussion

Discussion

Chromosome 18q deletion syndrome is one of the most common deletion syndromes with an estimated frequency of approximately 1/40,000 live births¹⁾. This syndrome manifests diverse clinical features depending on deletion size and region. Manifestations include intellectual disability, facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, stenotic ear canals, cardiac, endocrine, genitourinary, immunologic, ophthalmologic, musculoskeletal, and neurologic abnormalities. Neurologic manifestations include developmental delay, hypotonia, seizures, pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs, nystagmus, impaired coordination and white matter abnormalities on brain MRI⁶⁾.

At the deletion site (18q21.3–23), a total of 34 OMIM genes are located. Two genes of interest at the 18q23 locus are MBP (OMIM 159430, genomic coordinates: 18:74,690,788–74,844,773) and GALR1 (OMIM 600377, genomic coordinates: 18:74,962,007–74,982,097). MBP is abundant in central myelin. In 18q-syndrome, haploinsufficiency of MBP has been considered as related with abnormal T2 signals on brain MRI, suggesting dysmyelination. As galanin is a potent stimulatory factor for GH secretion through growth hormone releasing hormone-dependent mechanisms, defect of GALR1 is responsible for growth retardation in 18q-syndrome⁷⁾.

The European Cytogeneticists Association Register of Unbalanced Chromosome Aberrations (ECARUCA) database (www.ecaruca.net) lists 2 patients with pure 18q21.3–18q23, without complex rearrangements, among the 22 kinds of all 18q21.3–18q23 deletions. Clinical features include low birth weight, short stature, microcephaly, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, low set ears, small ears, upturned nose, flat nasal bridge, small mandible, hypotonia, single palmar crease, broad hands, club feet, PDA, and tricuspid incompetence. The MRIs were not undertaken. They were diagnosed by GTG-banding.

Duplications of 1q are rare. Complete trisomy 1q has been reported in a few cases and is considered lethal. Partial duplications of 1q are usually caused by unbalanced translocations and present as congenital abnormalities⁴⁾. Particular breakpoints are 1q21, 1q25, 1q32, and 1q42⁸⁾. Among them, 1q32 to 1qter mostly involves pure partial trisomy 1q. The ECARUCA database lists 11 cases of partial 1q duplications of 1q32–1q44 or 1q32–1qter, with or without complex rearrangements. Until now, three pure inverted or tandem duplications of 1q32–1q44 have been reported^4,9). In the region of 1q32.1–1q44, a total of 210 OMIM genes are located. Major features of 1q32-qter are growth retardation, microcephaly, prominent forehead, midfacial hypoplasia, high arched palate, low-set ears, overriding toes, and micrognathia¹⁰⁾.

Many of our patient's clinical features were consistent with 18q deletion syndrome but he also displayed some features found in 1q duplication. His cardiac abnormalities, developmental delay, and brain dysmyelination on MRI were corresponded with 18q deletion syndrome. Mild facial dysmorphisms such as frontal bossing, down slanting palpebral fissure, low set ear, flat nose, and growth retardation were corresponded with both 1q duplication and 18q deletion syndromes.

However, relatively mild facial features and attenuated symptoms may owe to his low level mosaicism. His white matter abnormality is a characteristic feature of MBP gene haploinsufficiency at the 18q23 locus. GALR1 gene at the same location may also be associated with his growth retardation.

Our patient was initially suspected of aberration by aCGH analysis, and subsequently confirmed by repeated chromosomal analysis with a large number of cells. As aberration was mosaicism, routine chromosomal analysis could not easily detect the abnormality. This case highlighted again the role of the microarray-based cytogenetic technology to cover insufficiencies of conventional cytogenetic assays.

Acknowledgments

This work has been partially supported by grants from Hanyang University Guri Hospital sponsorship for patients.

Conflicts of interest

Conflicts of interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

References

1. Cody JD, Ghidoni PD, DuPont BR, Hale DE, Hilsenbeck SG, Stratton RF, et al. Congenital anomalies and anthropometry of 42 individuals with deletions of chromosome 18q. Am J Med Genet 1999;85:455–462.
[Article] [PubMed]

2. Feenstra I, Vissers LE, Orsel M, van Kessel AG, Brunner HG, Veltman JA, et al. Genotype-phenotype mapping of chromosome 18q deletions by high-resolution array CGH: an update of the phenotypic map. Am J Med Genet A 2007;143A:1858–1867.
[Article] [PubMed]

3. Linnankivi T, Tienari P, Somer M, Kahkonen M, Lonnqvist T, Valanne L, et al. 18q deletions: clinical, molecular, and brain MRI findings of 14 individuals. Am J Med Genet A 2006;140:331–339.
[PubMed]

4. Balasubramanian M, Barber JC, Collinson MN, Huang S, Maloney VK, Bunyan D, et al. Inverted duplication of 1q32.1 to 1q44 characterized by array CGH and review of distal 1q partial trisomy. Am J Med Genet A 2009;149A:793–797.
[Article] [PubMed]

5. Li MM, Andersson HC. Clinical application of microarray-based molecular cytogenetics: an emerging new era of genomic medicine. J Pediatr 2009;155:311–317.
[Article] [PubMed]

6. Miller G, Mowrey PN, Hopper KD, Frankel CA, Ladda RL. Neurologic manifestations in 18q- syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1990;37:128–132.
[Article] [PubMed]

7. Giustina A, Schettino M, Bodini C, Doga M, Licini M, Giustina G. Effect of galanin on the growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone in acromegaly. Metabolism 1992;41:1291–1294.
[Article] [PubMed]

8. Gfatter R, Braun F, Schnedl W. The common features of patients with partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 1. Clin Genet 1998;54:161–163.
[Article] [PubMed]

9. Duba HC, Erdel M, Loffler J, Bereuther L, Fischer H, Utermann B, et al. Detection of a de novo duplication of 1q32-qter by fluorescence in situ hybridisation in a boy with multiple malformations: further delineation of the trisomy 1q syndrome. J Med Genet 1997;34:309–313.
[Article] [PubMed] [PMC]

10. Patel C, Hardy G, Cox P, Bowdin S, McKeown C, Russell AB. Mosaic trisomy 1q: The longest surviving case. Am J Med Genet A 2009;149A:1795–1800.
[Article] [PubMed]

Fig. 1

(A) Patient's face at 30 months of age shows mild dysmorphism with frontal bossing and slight narrowing, down-slanting palpebral fissures, low-lying ears, mild hypertelorism, and flat nose. (B) Patient's brain magnetic resonance imaging scan shows an abnormally increased T2 signal in the periventricular white matter, suggesting dysmyelination. The consent for using patient's photo was obtained.

Fig. 2

Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis indicating subtle copy-number gain of 1q32.1–1q44 (pink highlighted region) and subtle copy-number loss of 18q21.3–18.23 (blue highlighted region). Ideograms demonstrate the breakpoint site for duplication of 1q material (1q32.1 → qter, pink box), deletion site of 18q material (18q21.3 → qter, blue box), and addition of 1q material on 18q.

Fig. 3

(A) G-banding showing a karyotype of 46,XY,der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1;q21.3). (B) G-banding showing a normal male karyotype of 46,XY. (C) Enlargement of chromosomes 1 and 18 in (A) showing two copies of normal chromosome 1, one copy of normal chromosome 18, and one copy of der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1;q21.3) (arrow).

Fig. 4

Fluorescent in situ hybridization using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) RP11-370K11 (1q44, green spectrum) and BAC RP11-849I19 (18q23, red spectrum) results showing 46,XY,der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1;q21.3). Chr, chromosome.