All issues > Volume 59(8); 2016

Original Article

Published online: August 24, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2016.59.8.328

Clinical outcome of patients with refractory Kawasaki disease based on treatment modalities

Hyun Jung Kim, MD¹, Hyo Eun Lee, MD¹, Jae Won Yu, MD², Hong Ryang Kil, MD²

¹Department of Pediatrics, Eulji Universitiy School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.

²Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hong Ryang Kil, MD. Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam University School of Medicine, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea. Tel: +82-42-280-7251, Fax: +82-42-255-3158, gilhong@cnu.ac.kr

Received January 09, 2016       Revised March 16, 2016       Accepted April 11, 2016

Copyright © 2016 by The Korean Pediatric Society

(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/):

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

Purpose

Although a significant number of reports on new therapeutic options for refractory Kawasaki disease (KD) such as steroid, infliximab, or repeated intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) are available, their effectiveness in reducing the prevalence of coronary artery lesions (CAL) remains controversial. This study aimed to define the clinical characteristics of patients with refractory KD and to assess the effects of adjuvant therapy on patient outcomes.

Methods

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of 38 refractory KD patients from January 2012 to March 2015. We divided these patients into 2 groups: group 1 received more than 3 IVIG administration+ steroid therapy, (n=7, 18.4%), and group 2 patients were unresponsive to initial IVIG and required steroid therapy or second IVIG (n=31, 81.6%). We compared the clinical manifestations, laboratory results, and echocardiographic findings between the groups and examined the clinical utility of additional therapies in both groups.

Results

Results

A significant difference was found in the total duration of fever between the groups (13.0±4.04 days in group 1 vs. 8.87±2.30 days in group 2; P=0.035). At the end of the follow-up, all cases in group 1 showed suppressed CAL. In group 2, coronary artery aneurysm occurred in 2 patients (6.4 %). All the patients treated with intravenous corticosteroids without additional IVIG developed CALs including coronary artery aneurysms.

Conclusion

Conclusion

No statistical difference was found in the development of CAL between the groups. Prospective, randomized, clinical studies are needed to elucidate the effects of adjunctive therapy in refractory KD patients.

Key words: Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, Adjuvant therapy, Coronary disease

Introduction

Introduction

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile, systemic vasculitic syndrome of unknown etiology, occurring primarily in children younger than 5 years of age. Administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) as a single 2 g/kg within the first 10 days after onset of fever in combination with high-dose aspirin reduces the risk of coronary artery lesion (CAL) to 3% to 5%¹⁾. However, 10% to 20% of patients with KD do not respond to the conventional therapy and requires second line of treatments, such as repeated doses of IVIG, pulse methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, plasmapheresis or infliximab^2,3,4,5,6,7). The effectiveness of these treatment options on CAL is not clear in patients with refractory KD. The risk of coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is increased in these patients, and few studies have been conducted on optimal management of such cases^3,8).

A previous study reported that in exceptional patients with KD fail to respond to second (or third, if necessary) 2 g/kg dose of IVIG⁹⁾. However, the relative value of repeated doses of IVIG in refractory KD remains unknown. Therefore, we retrospectively evaluated the baseline characteristics of 38 patients with refractory KD and compared the effects of more than 3rd IVIG infusions and other adjuvant therapies on the occurrence of CAL.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods

1. Patients and data collection

1. Patients and data collection

We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 38 patients with refractory KD from Eulji University Hospital and Chungnam National University Hospital between January 2012 and March 2015. We defined patients of refractory KD as those who had persistent fever (≥38.0℃) that lasted for more than 24 to 36 hours after the end of initial IVIG infusion. These patients with refractory KD were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 7 patients (18.4%) who were responsive to 3 or more IVIG infusions, and group 2 consisted of 31 patients (81.6%) who were unresponsive to initial IVIG and required additional IVIG or steroid therapy.

Laboratory data prior to IVIG treatment was analyzed and the data included a complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sodium, N-terminal fragment of B-type natriuretic peptide and C-reactive protein (CRP). Laboratory findings were compared between groups 1 and 2.

We also estimated a risk score⁸⁾ with point scores and cutoff values for each variables as follows: 2 points each for sodium 133 mmol/L or less, initial treatment given on day 4 of illness or earlier, AST 100 IU/L or more, and neutrophils at least 80%; and 1 point for platelet count 30.0×10⁴/mm³ or less, CRP at least 10 mg/dL, and age 12 months or less.

2. Echocardiography

2. Echocardiography

GE echocardiography system Vivid 7 (GE healthcare Korea, Seoul, Korea) was used at two medical centers. Echocardiography was performed within 8 days of the onset of fever or before IVIG administration. The left ventricular percent fractional shortening (FS) was calculated as the difference between the dimensions at end diastolic and end systolic divided by end-diastolic dimension. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and conventional echocardiography were performed. Systolic velocity, e' velocity and a' velocity were measured at the basal level of the interventricular septum. In addition, pulsed wave Doppler recording of mitral leaflet tips provided mitral inflow velocity pattern from which early diastolic velocity (E), late diastolic velocity with atrial contraction (A), and E/A ratio. Coronary artery dilatation was defined as positive if the coronary artery diameter ≥3 mm in children under 5 years or ≥4 mm in children aged ≥5 years, and aneurysms were diagnosed if ≥4 mm and giant aneurysm if ≥8 mm¹⁰⁾. We obtained these data by reviewing the charts.

3. Treatments for refractory KD

3. Treatments for refractory KD

Initially, all the patients with KD were treated with IVIG, 2 g/kg in a single infusion over 10–12 hours along with aspirin (50 mg/kg/day). Patients with a fever lasted for more than 24 to 36 hours after completion of IVIG treatment without another possible source of fever were retreated with IVIG (1–2 g/kg) and continued to receive aspirin therapy. When fever persisted, intravenous methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg/dose) was administered for 3 consecutive days. However, corticosteroid monotherapy without additional IVIG was identified in 3 cases.

Infliximab (5 mg/kg) was administered as a single infusion when fever persisted despite additional IVIG or corticosteroid treatments. A Mantoux skin test for tuberculosis was done before infliximab treatment, and the results were recorded at 48 hours. Antibody levels to infliximab were not measured. Adverse effects were classified according to severity and possible association with KD or other treatments.

4. Statistical analysis

4. Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 22.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA), and data was expressed as mean±standard deviation unless otherwise stated. We compared the categorical variables between the 2 groups using a 2-tailed Fisher exact test. We used Mann-Whitney test to analyze the continuous variables. In addition, we utilized multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the relationships between the development of CAL on follow-up echocardiography and clinical variables in the study subjects.

5. Ethics statement

5. Ethics statement

The study protocol was reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board of Eulji University Hospital (approval number: 2015-10-008-001).

Results

Results

1. Baseline characteristics of the patients

1. Baseline characteristics of the patients

The series of patients in the present study included 29 boys and 9 girls, whose mean age at diagnosis was 33.47±16.66 months (range, 8–67 months). Of the 38 patients, 32 patients (84.2%) were diagnosed with typical KD and 6 patients (15.8%) with incomplete KD. The mean time until start of IVIG treatment was 4.0±0.57 days in group 1 and 4.9±1.37 days in group 2, respectively (P=0.012).

Among 38 patients with refractory KD, 63% (n=24) received antibiotics intravenously due to concurrent respiratory infection or high procalcitonin level (range, 0.52–41 ng/mL). Retropharyngeal abscess was confirmed on computed tomography in 3 patients (7.8%). Incision and drainage of retropharyngeal abscess was not required in these cases.

Children in the 2 groups did not differ significantly in sex distribution, age at presentation, and body mass index (Table 1). A significant difference was found in the total duration of fever between the 2 groups (13.0±4.04 days in group 1 vs. 8.87±2.30 days in group 2, P=0.035). In addition, Kobayashi et al.⁸⁾ scores were higher in group 1 than group 2 (6.57±2.07 in group 1 vs. 3.84±2.22 in group 2, P=0.005).

2. Laboratory findings

2. Laboratory findings

The laboratory data of the 2 groups on admission were not significantly different with regards to white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, platelet counts, and CRP levels (Table 2). The mean albumin level was 4.03±0.25 mg/dL in group 1 and 3.55±6.19 mg/dL in group 2 (P=0.003). The mean procalcitonin level was 3.64 mg/dL in group 1 and 0.91 mg/dL in group 2 (P=0.078). In addition, the levels of triglyceride and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol did not differ between the 2 groups.

3. Echocardiographic findings

3. Echocardiographic findings

There was no significant difference between the groups in development of CAL. At discharge, CAA occurred in 2 patients in group 2. At discharge and 2 months after treatment, no patients had CAA in group 1. There was no difference between the 2 groups in the degree of left ventricular FS and the early transmitral flow velocity (E)/the early diastolic mitral annular velocity(e') ratio measured by TDI (Table 3).

4. Treatments for refractory KD

4. Treatments for refractory KD

1) IVIG retreatment

1) IVIG retreatment

In the present study, the second dose of IVIG was 2 g/kg in 23 patients and 1 g/kg in 12 patients. The first IVIG infusion was initiated significantly earlier in group 1 than in group 2.

In group 1, the second and the third IVIG infusion was administered at 6.57±0.53 fever days and 9.80±1.95 fever days, respectively. Seven patients received third or fourth IVIG infusion following methylprednisolone pulse therapy (MPT). The starting point of steroid treatment was coincident with the time of the third IVIG infusion in group 1 except 1 patient (range, 6–12 fever days). One patient received 3 doses of MPT with the second IVIG infusion, but required additional IVIG infusion due to persistent fever. Two patients failed to become persistently afebrile despite these treatments including a third IVIG infusion. Consequently, they received infliximab and the fourth IVIG treatment, respectively (Fig. 1).

2) Corticosteroid treatment

2) Corticosteroid treatment

Overall, 21 patients received 2 to 6 doses of pulse methylprednisolone (18 patients with additional IVIG vs. 3 patients without additional IVIG). Seventeen patients responded to a second IVIG treatment without corticosteroid treatment. Among 18 patients with crossed-over MPT with a second IVIG, 10 patients (55.5%) became afebrile (Fig. 1). The time of the MPT infusion was significantly earlier in group 2 than group 1 (9.0±2.0 fever days in group 1 vs. 7.14±1.40 fever days in group 2, P=0.023).

One patient in group 2 received second IVIG (1 g/kg) on fever day 6. However, fever and other Kawasaki features persisted. On fever day 8, MPT (30 mg/kg/dose) was infused consecutively and was tapered by oral prednisolone due to subsided fever. However, the patient showed a giant coronary aneurysm (8 mm) in the right main coronary artery on follow-up echocardiography.

3) Infliximab infusion

3) Infliximab infusion

Overall, 4 patients received a single infusion of 5 mg/kg of infliximab because of persistent fever despite steroid pulse therapy or additional IVIG on mean 12.75±2.59 fever days. One patient received infliximab on fever day 10 after MPT without additional IVIG. The next day, his fever subsided but the patient had a giant CAA on follow-up echocardiography.

Two patients who received infliximab on fever day 12 had mild coronary artery dilation. The patient who received infliximab on fever day 17 after the third IVIG infusion had no CAL. In the present study, a 31-month boy developed severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count 180/µL) and whole body rash after infliximab infusion even though the fever subsided. However, this adverse event resolved spontaneously. No patient had anaphylactic reaction during infliximab infusion.

5. Clinical outcome

5. Clinical outcome

At discharge and 2 months after treatment, there was no significant difference in the incidence of CALs between the 2 groups (Table 3). At the end of follow-up, no patients in group 1 had CALs. Coronary artery aneurysm occurred in 2 patients in group 2 (6.4%). Two patients in group 2 had giant aneurysms measuring 8 to 10 mm in the left main coronary artery and right proximal coronary artery, respectively and were on the medications of warfarin and aspirin. One patient in group 1 had a small aneurysm (4 mm) in the left main coronary artery in the acute stage, but showed normalization of the vessel on follow-up echocardiography.

6. Association between development of CAL and clinical variables

6. Association between development of CAL and clinical variables

Patients were divided in 2 groups with based on final coronary outcomes. Six patients had CALs including CAAs in group 2 (Table 3). After multivariate logistic regression analysis, the serum albumin level at admission was the risk factor for developing CALs. There was no correlation between other clinical variables and CALs on follow-up echocardiography (Table 4).

Discussion

Discussion

This study was conducted to determine the role of additional therapies in patients with refractory KD and to investigate the occurrence of coronary artery complications according to treatment modalities. There was no statistical difference between the 2 groups in the development of CALs in the present study due to small sample size. However, 3 patients treated with corticosteroid monotherapy without additional IVIG was associated with CALs including CAAs. Moreover, IVIG retreatment ≥10 days after illness onset was beneficial for preventing progression of CALs.

KD is an acute febrile vasculitis of unknown origin that occurs predominantly in infants and young children. The use of high-dose IVIG and aspirin lowered the frequency of coronary artery complications caused by KD to below 5%¹¹⁾. Prompt reduction of inflammation and duration of fever, definitely before illness day 8 or 9, is essential when CALs begin to appear. However, 10% to 20% of patients with KD do not respond to conventional therapy and have continued fever, and such cases are in need of an additional rescue therapy^12,13). Only limited data are available to guide rescue therapy after initial IVIG resistance.

Treatment strategies have varied between institutions, and guidelines for additional treatment have not been established. Most experts recommend the administration of a second 2 g/kg dose of IVIG as the first-line rescue therapy before considering corticosteroids, although only two-thirds of these patients respond to the second IVIG¹⁴⁾. In the present study, 27 patients (79%) responded to the second IVIG with or without MPT. Three patients received MPT without a second IVIG and showed CALs including CAA.

The dose-response effect of IVIG forms the theoretical basis for repeated IVIG infusion in refractory KD. Although its mechanism of action is not clear, immunoglobulin has systemic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating action. IVIG binds to the Fc receptor of B and T lymphocytes, inhibiting the production of antibody by B cells, and altering regulatory T-cell helper or suppressor activities¹⁵⁾. Recent data demonstrate that IVIG has direct inhibitory effects on leukocyte recruitment in vitro and in vivo via the inhibition of selectin and integrin functions¹⁶⁾. The potential benefit of the third or fourth IVIG in refractory KD is uncertain, in part because our understanding of the mechanism underlying the effects of IVIG in the pathogenesis of KD is incomplete. In the present study, a 33-month-old boy with a small CAA who is resistant to the third IVIG and steroid pulse therapy showed improvement immediately after the infusion of the 4th IVIG on fever day 18. It is remarkable that seven patients who received more than 3rd IVIG had no CAL despite the long fever day. These cases indicate that the more severe inflammation persists in a patient with KD, the more IVIG doses are required, and IVIG treatment ≥10 days after illness onset could be beneficial for preventing progression of CALs. However, these cases leave something to be desired because other intensive second line treatments besides IVIG may shorten the hospital length.

Results of studies on the use of corticosteroid as second or third line therapy for refractory KD are controversial. The guidelines state that corticosteroids should be restricted to children in whom ≥2 infusions of IVIG have been ineffective in alleviating fever and acute inflammation¹⁴⁾. In the present study, the timing of intravenous corticosteroids was after the second dose of IVIG (1–2 g/kg) in 18 patients. Corticosteroid monotherapy without additional IVIG was identified in 3 cases. These cases were associated with coronary artery complications although fever subsided after MPT infusion.

The results of a retrospective study suggested that administration of MPT for IVIG-resistant KD may reduce the risk of CALs¹⁷⁾. A major benefit from early suppression of vasculitis would result if the corticosteroid therapy administrated procedes vascular remodeling. However, in a recent prospective study, MPT did not reduce the risk of development of CAL and does not seem to be beneficial as single agent therapy for IVIG resistant KD¹⁸⁾. The present study showed that corticosteroid monotherapy without additional IVIG resulted in CAA, although infliximab was administered subsequently.

In the present study, 4 patients with refractory KD received infliximab infusion. Blockade of the inflammatory cascade at the level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a rational step in the treatment of refractory KD, because circulating levels of TNF-α are markedly elevated during acute KD. The degree of elevation of TNF-α correlates with the coronary artery damage and the development of aneurysms¹⁹⁾. Infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal IgG1 antibody that almost completely suppresses the biological activity of TNF-α. Burns et al.²⁰⁾ reported that both infliximab and a second IVIG infusion were safe and well tolerated in the subjects with KD who were resistant to standard IVIG treatment. However, recent data shows that infliximab was still detected 48 hours after infusion in the serum of a patient with disease refractory to infliximab, suggesting unknown factors or cytokines other than TNF-α were responsible for the unresponsiveness and disease progression²¹⁾. The present study showed that an early infliximab-treated patient without a second IVIG infusion had CAA in the follow-up echocardiography. One patient treated by infliximab after 3 doses of IVIG and methylprednisolone pulse infusion had transient coronary artery dilatation that resolved in follow up echocardiography. These cases indicate that the timing of infliximab infusion for patients with refractory KD should be after at least 2 doses of IVIG.

Infliximab is an immunosuppressive medication associated with increased risk of infection^22,23). Infusion reactions, ranging from flushing and dyspnea to anaphylaxis, are thought to be related to formation of antibodies directed against infliximab in patients receiving repeated doses for chronic infection^24,25). So far, the adverse effects of single infusion of infliximab in refractory KD were not frequently reported.

All the patients received a single high dose IVIG without steroids as a primary treatment of KD in this study. A recent study revealed that the adjunct use of corticosteroids with IVIG for the initial treatment reduced the risk of coronary artery abnormalities in a meta-analysis of 9 clinical studies²⁶⁾. They showed that IVIG plus corticosteroid therapy significantly reduced risk of coronary abnormality with no significant difference in the incidence of severe adverse events between the IVIG and IVIG plus steroid group. Recent trends regarding treatment choices for patients that do not respond to initial IVIG treatment have changed from additional therapies to initial intensive treatment for patients with high-risk KD.

This study has some limitations: first, this was a retrospective study at 2 medical centers. The dosage of the second IVIG was 2 g/kg in 1 hospital and 1 g/kg in the other hospital. We could not determine whether these different IVIG doses influenced the coronary artery outcome; second, we enrolled a small number of patients, and other additional treatments such as plasma exchange or other cytotoxic agents were not used in the present study.

In this study, KD patients who required more than third IVIG infusion are more likely to have high risk factors including clinical characteristics and laboratory findings suggesting high level of inflammation. However, there was no difference between the 2 groups in the development of CALs. Because there are no consensus recommendations for the treatments of refractory KD, further prospective study is necessary to determine the optimal adjunctive therapies for patients with refractory KD.

Notes

Conflicts of interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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Fig. 1

Flow chart of adjuvant therapy for refractory Kawasaki disease. IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; MPT; methylprednisolone pulse therapy. ^*Giant coronary artery aneurysm 1, dilatation 1. ^†Dilatation 1.

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of refractory Kawasaki disease patients

Characteristic	Patients received more than 3rd IVIG (n=7)	Patients received 2nd IVIG or steroid (n=31)	P value
Age (mo)	27.43±12.16	34.39±17.55	0.485
Sex
Male:female	7:0	22:9	0.164
Weight (kg)	14.08±3.00	13.91±4.39	0.921
Body mass index (kg/m2)	16.06±1.60	16.26±2.45	0.835
Fever day of initial IVIG treatment	4.0±0.57	4.9±1.37	0.012
Total duration of fever (day)	13.0±4.04	8.87±2.30	0.035
Complete type	7/7 (100%)	25/31 (80.6%)	0.569
Risk score points (Kobayashi score)	6.57±2.07	3.84±2.22	0.005

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). The frequencies were compared by using the chi-square test.

IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin.

Table 2

Initial laboratory data of patients before IVIG infusion

Variable	Patients received more than 3rd IVIG (n=7)	Patients received 2nd IVIG or steroid (n=31)	P value
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	11.78±1.68	11.55±0.98	0.652
White blood cell (103/µL)	18.44±5.82	16.57±5.75	0.444
Platelet count (104/µL)	29.91±9.01	33.44±9.20	0.364
Neutrophil (%)	83.17±8.54	75.71±13.10	0.161
Albumin (g/dL)	4.03±0.25	3.55±6.19	0.003
AST (U/L)	56 (36–380)	49 (15–439)	0.074
ALT (U/L)	98 (20–247)	70 (9–521)	0.366
Sodium (mEq/L)	133.29±2.81	134.93±2.83	0.174
ESR (mm/hr)	63.00±28.11	71.77±33.26	0.522
CRP (mg/dL)	11.84±8.12	10.73±4.73	0.630
NT-proBNP (pg/mL)	667.9 (326–3062)	1,256 (240–6683)	0.816
Procalcitonin (ng/mL)	3.39 (0.53–9.11)	0.84 (0.48–11.00)	0.078
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	116.14±29.36	121.70±21.56	0.570
HDL-C (mg/dL)	29.17±21.53	23.67±13.89	0.445

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase, ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; NT-proBNP, N-terminal fragment of B-type natriuretic peptide; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

^*Mann-Whitney test.

Table 3

Cardiovascular findings on echocardiographic examination

Variable	Patients received more than 3rd IVIG (n=7)	Patients received 2nd IVIG or steroid (n=31)	P value
CALs at initial			0.334
CA dilatation	1 (14.3)	9 (29.0)
CA aneurysm	1 (14.3)	1 (3.2)
LV fractional shortening (%)	33.58±8.10	35.88±5.42	0.497
E/A ratio	1.39±0.24	1.54±0.34	0.202
E/e' ratio	13.63±2.52	11.37±2.94	0.110
CALs at F/U			0.713
CA dilatation	0 (0)	4 (12.9)
CA aneurysm	0 (0)	2 (6.5)

Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.

IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; CAL, coronary artery lesion; LV, left ventricle; E, base peak early diastolic E-wave velocity (cm/sec); A, base peak early diastolic A-wave velocity (cm/sec); e', peak early diastolic myocardial velocity (cm/sec); F/U, follow-up at 2 months after treatment.

Table 4

Predictive factors at admission for coronary artery lesion during follow-up

Factors	B*	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value
Fever day of initial IVIG treatment	−0.978	0.376 (0.048–2.936)	0.351
Risk score points (Kobayashi score)	0.340	1.404 (0.500–3.943)	0.519
Total duration of fever (day)	−0.192	0.825 (0.374–1.823)	0.635
Sodium	−0.414	0.661 (0.266–1.644)	0.373
Albumin	−5.656	0.003 (0.000–0.808)	0.042
CRP	0.075	1.078 (0.797–1.458)	0.624

CI, confidence interval; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; CRP, C-reactive protein.

^*Nonstandard coefficient.