All issues > Volume 59(10); 2016

Original Article

Published online: October 17, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2016.59.10.408

Prediction of unresponsiveness to second intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in patients with Kawasaki disease refractory to initial treatment

Euri Seo, MD, Jeong Jin Yu, MD, Hyun Ok Jun, MD, Eun Jung Shin, MD, Jae Suk Baek, MD, Young-Hwue Kim, MD, Jae-Kon Ko, MD

Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Jeong Jin Yu, MD. Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea. Tel: +82-2-3010-3924, Fax: +82-2-473-3725, pediatrist@medimail.co.kr

Received May 26, 2016       Revised August 26, 2016       Accepted August 29, 2016

Copyright © 2016 by The Korean Pediatric Society

(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/):

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

Purpose

This study investigated predictors of unresponsiveness to second-line intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment for Kawasaki disease (KD).

Methods

Methods

This was a single-center analysis of the medical records of 588 patients with KD who had been admitted to Asan Medical Center between 2006 and 2014. Related clinical and laboratory data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.

Results

Results

Eighty (13.6%) of the 588 patients with KD were unresponsive to the initial IVIG treatment and received a second dose. For these 80 patients, univariate analysis of the laboratory results obtained before administering the second-line IVIG treatment showed that white blood cell count, neutrophil percent, hemoglobin level, platelet count, serum protein level, albumin level, potassium level, and C-reactive protein level were significant predictors. The addition of methyl prednisolone to the second-line regimen was not associated with treatment response (odds ratio [OR], 0.871; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.216–3.512; P=0.846). Multivariate analysis revealed serum protein level to be the only predictor of unresponsiveness to the second-line treatment (OR, 0.160; 95% CI, 0.028–0.911; P=0.039). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine predictors of unresponsiveness to the second dose of IVIG showed a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 72% at a serum protein cutoff level of <7.15 g/dL.

Conclusion

Conclusion

The serum protein level of the patient prior to the second dose of IVIG is a significant predictor of unresponsiveness. The addition of methyl prednisolone to the second-line regimen produces no treatment benefit.

Key words: Kawasaki disease, Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, Immunoglobulins, Serum proteins

Introduction

Introduction

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, self-limiting vasculitis that occurs predominantly in young children¹⁾ and is now acknowledged as a common acquired heart disease in this population. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is the most effective first-line treatment during the acute phase of illness. However, approximately ≥10% of patients with KD fail to defervesce following an initial IVIG treatment¹⁾. The rate of unresponsiveness to initial IVIG is reported to be as high as 38.3%²⁾. Unresponsiveness ^2,3,4,5,6) and prolonged fever^7,8,9) have also been reported to be significant risk factors for coronary artery lesions. Despite the significant level of unresponsiveness to first-line treatment in patients with KD, the best second-line treatment remains unknown. The administration of a second IVIG dose is currently the most common therapeutic strategy in unresponsive cases^10,11). Although the rate of unresponsiveness to second-line treatment with IVIG has been reported as 22%–49% ^{12,13,14,15,16,17)}, no studies have reported on the prediction of unresponsiveness to second-line IVIG treatment.

The purpose of our current study was to investigate the predictor of the unresponsiveness to the additional administration of IVIG as the second-line treatment. We conducted a retrospective, single center study to find out a clinical/laboratory variable associated with the unresponsiveness to the second IVIG treatment.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods

1. Subjects

1. Subjects

From January 2006 to December 2014, 797 patients with KD were admitted and managed at Asan Medical Center. The diagnostic criteria for KD followed American Heart Association guidelines¹⁾. Among 588 patients with complete presentation of principal clinical features who were treated with initial IVIG (2 g/kg), 80 patients with demonstrated unresponsiveness were enrolled as our current study subjects. Patients demonstrating incomplete presentation of principal clinical features, displaying spontaneous recovery before the administration of initial IVIG, admitted after the 10th day of illness, or transferred from other institutes without complete initial clinical/laboratory data were excluded.

Before 2009, the second-line treatment regimen consisted of additional administration of IVIG, but after 2009 consisted of combination IVIG and IV methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg/day for 2 or 3 days). We defined unresponsiveness to treatment as persistent or recrudescent fever 36 hours after completion of initial IVIG administration.

This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Asan Medical Center (2015-0368), and the requirement for informed patient consent was waived.

2. Data collection

2. Data collection

Clinical and laboratory data were collected through medical record review. The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to second-line IVIG treatment response. Group 1 consisted of children that were responsive to second-line IVIG treatment and group 2 consisted of children that were unresponsive to second-line IVIG treatment.

Clinical data such as age, height, body weight, clinical features and duration of fever before initial IVIG treatment, were collected at the time of first-line IVIG treatment. Laboratory data were collected retrospectively (1) before initial IVIG treatment and (2) before second-line treatment. If a laboratory test was performed ≥2 times during each period, the highest value was selected for the following tests: white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil percent, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum aspartate aminotransferase level, alanine transaminase level, total bilirubin level, C-reactive protein level, lactate dehydrogenase level, and brain natriuretic peptide level. For hemoglobin concentration, platelet counts, serum protein level, albumin level, and electrolyte concentration, the lowest value was selected. A fractional change (FC) in the laboratory data was obtained through an additional calculation; FC (%)=(value before initial treatment–the value before second line treatment)/(the value before second line treatment)¹⁸⁾.

We measured coronary artery diameter at each phase of illness within three months of fever onset. The highest value among the measurements was selected and used to calculate the z score using the formula by Dallaire and Dahdah¹⁹⁾. Coronary artery dilatation was defined as a z score ≥2.5. Giant aneurysms were defined by a diameter >8 mm or a z score ≥10.

3. Statistical analysis

3. Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 21.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). All continuous variables are described as a mean±standard deviation. All categorical variables are described as a frequency with percentage. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine predictors of unresponsiveness to second-line IVIG treatment. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis for the predictor was performed. The z score of coronary artery diameters was compared between the 2 groups using a t test. Statistical significance was defined as a P<0.05.

Results

Results

The clinical characteristics of the subjects are presented in Table 1. None of the clinical variables were significant predictors of unresponsiveness to second-line IVIG treatment.

The laboratory data for the subjects are presented in Table 2. WBC count, neutrophil percent, hemoglobin level, platelet count, and serum protein level, albumin level, potassium level, and C-reactive protein level were significant predictors by univariate analysis when evaluated before second-line IVIG treatment. Among the laboratory data obtained before initial IVIG treatment, only the serum chloride level was significant. Univariate analysis was also performed on the FC of laboratory variables. The FC of serum protein level (odds ratio [OR], 0.0, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0–0.064, P=0.016) and C-reactive protein level (OR, 23.986; 95% CI, 2.915–194.407; P=0.003) were significant in univariate analysis. The FC of serum protein level was 0.15%±0.14% in group 1 and –0.01%±0.12% in group 2. The value of FC for C-reactive protein level was -0.38%±0.36% in group 1 and 0.36%±0.66% in group 2. Methyl prednisolone was used as an additional drug to second-line IVIG treatment in 34 subjects (48%) from group 1 and 4 subjects (44%) from group 2. Methyl prednisolone use was not a significant predictor for unresponsiveness to second-line IVIG treatment (OR, 0.871; 95% CI, 0.216–3.512; P=0.846).

A multivariate logistic regression analysis conducted for the model consisted of 4 variables with relatively lower P values (WBC count, neutrophil percentage, serum protein level, and serum C-reactive protein level) before second-line treatment (Table 3). Serum protein level was only predictor for unresponsiveness to second-line IVIG treatment (OR, 0.160; 95% CI, 0.028–0.911; P=0.039) (Fig. 1).

The result of ROC analysis is presented in Fig. 2. Area under curve was 0.913(95% CI, 0.835–0.992). In the prediction of the unresponsiveness to second-line IVIG treatment, the sensitivity was 88% and the specificity was 80% at the cutoff level of <6.95 g/dL. The sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 72% at the cutoff level of <7.15 g/dL because the highest value of serum protein level was 7.1 g/dL in subjects of group 2 (Fig. 1).

The coronary artery diameter was significantly larger in group 2 compared with group 1 (Table 4). Fourteen subjects (20%) in group 1 and 4 subjects (44%) in group 2 had a coronary artery dilatation. Two subjects in group 2 had a giant aneurysm.

Discussion

Discussion

To find out the predictor for second-line IVIG treatment, we additionally investigated laboratory data collected before second-line treatment after initial IVIG treatment, as well as laboratory data before the initial IVIG treatment which have been analyzed for the prediction of unresponsiveness to initial IVIG treatment by other authors^18,20,21,22). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum protein levels collected before second-line IVIG treatment was a significant predictor of unresponsiveness. This result has clinical significance, as it might help physicians make appropriate therapeutic decisions and enable counseling of KD patients who are unresponsive to the initial IVIG treatment.

Currently, the most frequently selected second-line treatment in patients with KD refractory to initial treatment is exclusive administration of IVIG. IVIG was the second-line drug of choice in 64.5% of the patients unresponsive to initial IVIG treatment in a previous investigation of 5,633 patients in the United States¹⁰⁾. A nationwide survey in Japan showed that second-line treatment with additional IVIG was performed in 44.1% of hospitals and that it was combined with other drugs in 26% of hospitals¹¹⁾. The rate of unresponsiveness to second-line IVIG treatment is not lower than the rate of unresponsiveness to initial IVIG treatment ^{12,13,14,15,16,17)}. Finally, the dilation of coronary arteries was significantly higher in KD patients demonstrating unresponsiveness to second-line IVIG treatment. This result suggests that such patients should be notified about the risk of unresponsiveness to additional IVIG administration before receiving it as a second-line treatment.

Because the etiology of KD is unknown, we cannot explain the pathophysiologic mechanism underlying low serum protein levels after initial IVIG treatment or its association with unresponsiveness to second-line IVIG treatment. Low serum protein levels after IVIG treatment might suggest that there is a deficient amount of serum immunoglobulin needed to alleviate illness. However, a future study verifying this assumption is needed. Other future studies should investigate the low serum protein levels as a predictor of unresponsiveness to other second-line treatments (e.g., administration of corticosteroids, infliximab, cyclosporine, methotrexate, etc.).

The most effective second-line treatment in patients with KD that are refractory to initial treatment is still unclear²³⁾. Investigations regarding the efficacy of exclusive administration of corticosteroids as the second-line treatment have shown no superior protective effect for coronary artery lesions relative to additional IVIG administration^15,16,24,25). In one study, the combination of IVIG and oral prednisolone was recommended as a second-line treatment²⁶⁾. However, the addition of methyl prednisolone to the second-line IVIG treatment regimen was not significantly advantageous in this study. We think that the efficacy of combination therapy needs further investigation in a future study including larger numbers of patients.

This study had several limitations. First, the number of Kawasaki patients with unresponsiveness to second-line IVIG treatment was relatively small. Second, every subject in this study was Korean. Therefore, our findings should be reexamined in other ethnic groups. Third, we could not test the diameter of coronary arteries as a predictor because the initial echocardiographic examination was performed before or after initial IVIG treatment. Fourth, we have not distinguished the timing of echocardiography for the detection of coronary lesions between subacute and convalescent phase.

In conclusion, the serum protein level before second-line IVIG treatment is a significant predictor of unresponsiveness in KD patients. Furthermore, the addition of methyl prednisolone to the second-line IVIG treatment regimen in these cases is not more effective than exclusive IVIG administration.

Notes

Conflicts of interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

References

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Fig. 1

The serum protein level ranges before administration of the second-line intravenous iimmunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment in each group. The circle on the bar indicates the mean. Group 1, responsive to second-line IVIG treatment; group 2, unresponsive to second-line IVIG treatment.

Fig. 2

Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the serum protein levels before administration of the second-line intravenous immunoglobulin treatment to determine predictors of unresponsiveness.

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of the study subjects

Characteristic	Group 1 (n=71)	Group 2 (n=9)
Male sex	23 (32.4)	2 (22.2)
Age (mo)	29.5±22.0	36.2±24.2
Body weight (kg)	13.2±4.7	14.4±5.5
Height (cm)	89.2±16.1	93.1±18.7
Body surface area (m2)	0.56±0.15	0.60±0.18
Principal clinical features
Conjunctival injection	69 (97)	8 (89)
Changes in lips/oral cavity	68 (96)	9 (100)
Changes in extremities	67 (94)	8 (89)
Polymorphous exanthema	68 (96)	9 (100)
Cervical lymphadenopathy	47 (66)	6 (67)
Duration of fever before initial IVIG (day)	5.9±1.7	5.0±0.5
No. of methylprednisolone combination	34 (48)	4 (44)

Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.

Group 1, responsive to second-line IVIG treatment; group 2, unresponsive to second-line IVIG treatment; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin.

Table 2

Laboratory data of the study subjects

Variable	Initial evaluation		Odds ratio	95% CI	P value	Before 2nd IVIG		Odds ratio	95% CI	P value
	Group 1 (n=71)	Group 2 (n=9)				Group 1 (n=71)	Group 2 (n=9)
WBC count (/mm3)	14,383±5,529	14,642±2,613	1.000	1.000–1.000	0.902	12,739±4,740	19,088±7,563	1.000	1.000–1.000	0.005*
Neutrophil (%)	72.33±13.10	80.64±7.32	1.070	0.984–1.163	0.114	54.66±15.69	74.48±12.28	1.119	1.041–1.203	0.002*
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	11.4±1.0	10.8±1.3	0.575	0.276–1.199	0.140	10.6±1.1	9.5±1.4	0.458	0.242–0.868	0.017*
Platelet (×103/mm3)	303±88	292±59	0.999	0.989–1.008	0.756	387±136	286±116	0.992	0.984–0.999	0.036*
ESR (mm/hour)	72.4±29.5	75±30	1.003	0.976–1.031	0.823	87±25	78±33	0.987	0.958–1.018	0.404
Protein (g/dL)	6.5±0.8	6.3±0.6	0.763	0.292–1.993	0.581	7.4±0.7	6.1±0.7	0.089	0.022–0.355	0.001*
Albumin (g/dL)	3.4 ±0.5	3.2±0.5	0.470	0.098–2.240	0.343	2.7±0.5	2.2±0.3	0.035	0.003–0.459	0.011*
AST (IU/L)	128±141	72±34	0.995	0.984–1.005	0.325	44±35	30±11	0.958	0.888–1.034	0.274
ALT (IU/L)	161±180	125±97	0.999	0.993–1.004	0.604	58 ±54	33±14	0.983	0.957–1.010	0.223
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	1.5 ±1.3	2.2±1.6	1.388	0.833–2.313	0.208	0.5±0.6	1.3 ±1.6	1.979	1.001–3.912	0.050
Na+ (mEq/L)	135±4.0	132±2	0.782	0.600–1.020	0.070	135±2	135±1	0.961	0.683–1.351	0.818
K+ (mEq/L)	4.2±0.5	3.9±0.3	0.318	0.067–1.505	0.149	4.5±0.5	4.0±0.8	0.219	0.055–0.873	0.031*
Cl− (mEq/L)	101±4	98±1	0.790	0.626–0.996	0.046*	101±3	101±5	0.999	0.770–1.296	0.994
CRP (mg/dL)	12.19±8.26	14.56±5.30	1.034	0.946–1.130	0.458	7.31±6.33	19.89±7.35	1.209	1.090–1.342	<0.001*
LDH (IU/L)	255±88	206±25	0.988	0.961–1.017	0.425	252±42	218±75	0.986	0.951–1.023	0.450
BNP (pg/mL)	144±244	265±226	1.001	0.999–1.004	0.311	219±467	627±387	1.001	1.000–1.003	0.160
Urine WBC ≥10/HPF	31 (44)	6 (67)	6.581	0.750–57.764	0.089	2 (3)	1 (11)	4.000	0.341–51.027	0.286

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

Group 1, responsive to second-line IVIG treatment; group 2, unresponsive to second-line IVIG treatment; CI, confidence interval; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; WBC, white blood cell count; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; CRP, C-reactive protein; LDH, lactic acid dehydrogenase; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; HPF, high power field.

^*P<0.05, indicating significance as a predictor for unresponsiveness to second-line intravenous immunoglobulin treatment.

Table 3

Multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine predictors of unresponsiveness to second-line intravenous immunoglobulin treatment

Variable	Odds ratio	95% CI	P value
WBC count (/mm3)	1.000	1.000–1.000	0.803
Neutrophil (%)	1.032	0.928–1.147	0.565
Protein (g/dL)	0.160	0.028–0.911	0.039*
CRP (mg/dL)	1.116	0.977–1.275	0.107

CI, confidence interval; WBC, white blood cell count; CRP, C-reactive protein.

^*P<0.05, indicating significance as a predictor for unresponsiveness to second-line intravenous immunoglobulin treatment.

Table 4

Comparison of coronary artery diameters between groups

Variable	Group 1 (n=71)	Group 2 (n=9)	P value
Left main CA (mm)	2.43±0.45	2.86±0.80	0.020
Z score	1.25±1.19	2.21±2.28	0.047
Left anterior descending CA (mm)	2.08±0.78	3.19±1.63	0.001
Z score	0.26±1.75	3.09±4.19	<0.001
Right CA (mm)	2.02±0.62	2.76±1.82	0.013
Z score	0.11±1.53	1.99±5.06	0.017
No. of coronary artery dilatation	14 (20)	4 (44)	0.023
No. of giant aneurysm	0 (0)	2 (22)	-

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

Group 1, responsive to second-line intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment; group 2, unresponsive to second-line IVIG treatment; CA, coronary artery.