All issues > Volume 64(10); 2021

Original Article

Other

Published online: August 4, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00374

Clinical spectrum and short-term outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in a south Indian hospital

Muruganantham Balagurunathan, MD^*, Thrilok Natarajan, MD, MRCPCH (UK)^*, Jothilakshmi Karthikeyan, DNB, Venkateshwaran Palanisamy, MD

Department of Pediatrics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Tamilnadu, India

Corresponding author: Thrilok Natarajan, MD, MRCPCH (UK), 9/8-D, Sathy road, S.S.Kulam, Coimbatore-641107, Tamilnadu, India Email: dr.thrilz@gmail.com*

Received March 30, 2021       Revised June 26, 2021       Accepted July 15, 2021

Copyright © 2021 by The Korean Pediatric Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

Background

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a new hyperinflammatory variant that evolved during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Although the precise pathophysiology of MIS-C is uncertain, it is thought to be due to immune dysregulation occurring after recovery from acute infection.

Purpose

Purpose

Our study aimed to analyze the clinical spectrum, laboratory parameters, imaging characteristics, treatment strategies, and short-term outcomes of children with a diagnosis of MIS-C.

Methods

Methods

This retrospective and prospective observational study included children less than 16 years of age who were admitted to the pediatric unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital in south India between August 2020 to January 2021 with a diagnosis of MIS-C according to World Health Organization criteria.

Results

Results

Twenty-one children were included in the analysis; all had fever with variable combinations of other symptoms. The mean age was 6.9 years; 71.4% were male. Gastrointestinal (80.9%) and cardiovascular (80.9%) systems were the most commonly affected. The majority of children had elevated inflammatory markers, and 16 (76.2%) had echocardiographic abnormalities mimicking Kawasaki disease. Eleven children (52.4%) required intensive care admission, 3 (14.3%) required supplemental oxygen, and 4 (19%) required inotropes. Nine (42.9%) were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin alone, 6 (28.6%) with steroids alone, and 3 (14.3%) with steroids and immunoglobulin. The median hospital stay was 6 days; there were no fatalities. Overweight/obesity, elevated ferritin, and mucocutaneous involvement were significantly associated with a prolonged hospital stay (≥7 days). Sixteen children (76.2%) were followed up till now and all of them had no clinical concerns.

Conclusion

Conclusion

MIS-C is an emerging disease with variable presentation. A high index of suspicion is necessary for its early identification and appropriate management. Further research is essential for developing optimal treatment strategies.

Key words: Clinical spectrum, Coronavirus disease 2019, Kawasaki disease, Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

Key message

· Question: What are the clinical spectrum, course, and short-term outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)?

· Finding: MIS-C can have variable clinical manifestations. Fever is most common, followed by gastrointestinal and cardiovascular symptoms. Early identification and appropriate management lead to favorable outcomes.

· Meaning: MIS-C can present in a myriad of ways and severities. High suspicion is necessary to ensure its early identification and appropriate management and favorable patient outcomes.

Introduction

Introduction

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in India is a part of the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). India is one of the countries with the highest burden of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the world and ranks second in the list of countries with a maximum number of cases [1]. Earlier reports suggested that children infected with COVID-19 were highly resilient and could present with only a mild upper respiratory illness [2-4]. But in April 2020, clinicians in the United Kingdom reported a cluster of previously healthy children presenting with shock, fever, and hyper inflammation [5]. The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health referred to this acute condition as pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 [6]. As the pandemic progressed and the number of such cases increased globally the illness was labelled as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization (WHO) [7,8]. Although the exact pathophysiology of MIS-C is uncertain, it is thought to be due to immune dysregulation occurring after recovery from acute infection. As the burden of COVID-19 infection is increasing in India, more children are being recognized with this condition. Although many articles are reported from western countries there is a dearth of published reports from Asian countries.

Our study aimed at analyzing the clinical spectrum, laboratory parameters, and imaging characteristics of children less than 16 years admitted with a diagnosis of MIS-C. In addition, this study aimed to analyze the treatment strategies and short-term outcomes.

Methods

Methods

1. Study design and setting

1. Study design and setting

This study was a partly retrospective and partly prospective observational study done in children admitted with a diagnosis of MIS-C in a tertiary care teaching hospital in south India from August 2020 to January 2021. The hospital is one of the largest COVID-19 care centers in south India and receives referrals from a radius of 200 kilometers. The study was approved by the Institutional Human Ethics Committee of PSGIMS&R (project No. 20/262 dated 27th November, 2020). Informed written consent was obtained from parents prior to the inclusion of children in the prospective part of the study. Waiver of consent was obtained for the retrospective collection of data.

2. Participants

2. Participants

Children less than 16 years of age diagnosed with MIS-C as per WHO criteria were included in the study. The following parameters were considered for diagnosis: (1) fever ≥3 days, (2) 2 of the following: a) rash or bilateral nonpurulent conjunctivitis or mucocutaneous inflammation signs (oral mucosa, hands, or feet), b) hypotension or shock, c) features of myocardial dysfunction, pericarditis, valvulitis, or coronary abnormalities (including echocardiography findings or elevated troponin/N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP]), d) evidence of coagulopathy (by prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, elevated D-dimers), e) Acute gastrointestinal problems [diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain], (3) elevated markers of inflammation such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, or procalcitonin, (4) no other obvious microbial cause of inflammation, including bacterial sepsis, staphylococcal or streptococcal toxic shock syndromes, (5) evidence of COVID-19 (real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR], antigen test or serology positive), or likely contact with patients with COVID-19.

3. Data collection

3. Data collection

Data on demographics, clinical features, laboratory results, imaging studies, treatment details, outcomes, and follow-up were collected. All the investigations and treatment were carried out as per institutional protocol and treating physician’s discretion.

COVID-19 infection was confirmed by testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibody by chemiluminescence immunoassay (VITROS 3600 immunodiagnostic system, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, NJ, USA) and/or RT-PCR as recommended by Indian Council of Medical Research. The laboratory values were interpreted as either increased or decreased based on the age-specific normal reference ranges. Organ system involvement was described based on clinical features, laboratory reports, and imaging studies. Echocardiography was performed in all children by the pediatric cardiologist to identify the following abnormalities; (a) left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction less than 55%), (b) pericarditis or pericardial effusion, (c) coronary artery abnormalities (dilatation, aneurysm, or irregular nontapering coronary arteries), or (d) valvular regurgitation. The dimension of the coronary artery was measured as per standard criteria and a coronary z score above 2 was reported as dilated. Other imaging studies were done as clinically indicated.

4. Statistical analysis

4. Statistical analysis

Data analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 2019 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize population characteristics. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency or percentage and continuous variables were expressed as mean with standard deviation or median with interquartile range. IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 26.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) was used to perform univariate analysis and a P value of <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Results

From August 2020 to January 2021, 21 children met the WHO MIS-C criteria and were included in the analysis. Among them, only 2 children were admitted with active coronavirus-2 infection and were subsequently diagnosed as MIS-C. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population are mentioned in Table 1. The mean age of the study population was 6.9 years and 71.4% were male. All children were previously healthy and 9.5% were either obese or overweight.

All patients had fever with a variable combination of other symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting were the most common presenting symptoms. The mean duration of symptoms prior to admission was 4.8 days and the mean total duration of fever was 7.9 days. The majority of children in this series had multiorgan involvement. Gastrointestinal (80.9%) and cardiovascular (80.9 %) systems were the most commonly affected organ systems. This was followed by hematological (76.2%), mucocutaneous (71.4%), and central nervous system (14.2%) involvement. None of the children had acute kidney injury in this series. Two children in this series had been treated for COVID-19 3 weeks prior to the diagnosis of MIS-C, and 5 children had history of confirmed exposure to COVID-19 patients in the preceding 3 to 4 weeks. In other children, no history associated with COVID-19 was revealed.

In the study population, 19 children (90.4%) had positive COVID-19 antibody tests, 1 (4.8%) had positive COVID-19 RT-PCR test, and another (4.8%) had both positive COVID-19 RT-PCR and antibody tests. The results of laboratory tests and imaging studies are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. Lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia were seen in 47.6% and 38.1% of cases, respectively. Inflammatory markers were elevated in the majority of cases. Specifically, D-dimer and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were elevated in 95.2% and 90.5% of cases, respectively. Children with cardiovascular system involvement showed elevation of cardiac biomarkers, and NT-proBNP (80%) was found to be more commonly elevated than troponin-T (30.8%). Electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia and hypokalemia were seen in 70.6% and 47.1% of cases, respectively, which were managed appropriately.

Echocardiography was performed in all the children, and abnormality was noted in 16 children (76.2%). A greater number of children had a combination of abnormalities rather than a single abnormal finding. Coronary artery abnormality (57.1%) was the most common finding, followed by pericardial effusion (52.4%), left ventricular dysfunction (23.8%), and mitral regurgitation (23.8%). Gastrointestinal imaging studies like x-ray, ultrasound, and computed tomography were done as indicated, and ascites (50%) was the most common abnormality, followed by dilated bowel loops (35.7%), and mesenteric lymphadenitis (35.7%). Of the 17 patients who underwent chest imaging (x-ray or computed tomography), pleural effusion and lung infiltrates were observed in 3 (17.6%) and 1 patient (5.9%), respectively. Of the 3 children with central nervous system involvement, 1 had encephalopathy with features of cerebellar involvement, 1 had seizures, and another had headache with bilateral papilledema. All 3 children with central nervous system involvement showed normal neuroimaging. Two children underwent cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and findings of aseptic meningitis were seen in the patient who presented with encephalopathy.

Treatment details and outcomes are summarized in Table 4. Eleven children (52.4%) required pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and the mean duration of PICU stay was 74.8 hours. Three children (14.3%) required supplemental oxygen, and none of the children required mechanical ventilation. Four children (19%) required inotropic support for hemodynamic instability, and the mean duration of inotrope requirement was 37 hours. Nine children (42.9%) were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) alone, 6 (28.6%) were treated with steroids alone and 3 (14.3%) were treated with both IVIG and steroids. None of the cases required other immunomodulators for treatment.

An 8-year-old girl presented with features of acute appendicitis, and an emergency surgery was done, which revealed a perforated appendix with abscess collection. She was subsequently diagnosed as MIS-C and was treated with IVIG.

The median length of hospitalization was 6 days in this series. Table 5 shows the results of univariate analysis for prolonged hospital stay (≥7 days). Children who were either overweight or obese (P=0.035), had elevated ferritin (P=0.019), or had mucocutaneous involvement (P=0.040) were found to be significantly associated with prolonged hospital stay. Further extensive analysis could not be performed due to small sample size. There was no mortality in patients of our study, and all patients were discharged home. At the time of writing this article, 16 patients (76.2%) had attended follow-up visits. Among them, 11 children (52.4%) had attended one follow-up visit, and 5 (23.8%) had attended 2 follow-up visits, all of whom had no clinical concerns. Among 16 children with abnormal echocardiography, 12 (75%) underwent follow-up echocardiography, and their cardiac imaging showed partial or complete resolution of previous abnormalities. Further follow-up echocardiography was recommended to some of them.

Discussion

Discussion

MIS-C is an evolving concept of disease and its exact incidences in different geographic areas are uncertain. The focus of this study was to analyze the clinical spectrum and short-term outcomes of children with MIS-C managed in a tertiary care teaching hospital in south India. We described 21 children under the age of 16 years with MIS-C associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. All these children had evidences of previous or active COVID-19 infection. The spectrum of clinical presentations in our study was broadly consistent with available literatures. The mean age of children in this study was 6.9 years, and 61.9% of affected children were above 5 years, which was similar to studies by Kaushik et al. [9], Whittaker et al. [10], and Dhanalakshmi et al. [11]. The male preponderance in this study was also identical to previous reports by Kaushik et al. [9], Whittaker et al. [10], and Gupta et al. [12] Table 6 shows the comparison between common clinical features of children in this study and 2 previous studies [10,11]. Concordant to previous reports, a greater number of children in our series had multiorgan involvement with gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems being the most commonly affected systems [11,13-15].

The incidence of hematological abnormalities like lymphopenia (47.6%) and thrombocytopenia (38.1%) in our study was in agreement with previous reports [11,14,16]. The majority of children in this study had raised inflammatory markers, which was similar to previous reports by Kaushik et al. [9], Dhanalakshmi et al. [11], Feldstein et al. [13], and Mamishi et al. [16]. In contrast to previous studies by Dhanalakshmi et al. [11], Feldstein et al. [13], Toubiana et al. [15], and Miller et al. [17], none of the children in this series had acute kidney injury. The incidence of hyponatremia (70.6%) in this study was higher than in previous reports by Dhanalakshmi et al. [11] and Mamishi et al. [16]. Hypokalemia was found in 47.1% of children, and it was more common in children with gastrointestinal manifestations, which was not reported in any previous studies. Hypoalbuminemia was noted in 52.9% of children in this study, which was almost similar to previous reports by Dhanalakshmi et al. [11] and Mamishi et al. [16]. The elevation of cardiac biomarkers was also concordant to previous reports by Whittaker et al. [10] and Mamishi et al. [16] The incidence of echocardiographic abnormalities in this study was comparable to previous reports by Toubiana et al. [15] and Ramcharan et al. [18]. The abnormalities seen in gastrointestinal imaging studies in this study were comparable to the previous report by Miller et al. [17].

Since MIS-C is an emerging disease, guidelines regarding the management are still evolving and there is a lack of consistency in management. The majority of patients in our study were treated with either IVIG, steroids, or a combination of both and, none required other immunomodulators. The treatment decision for the patients in our study was made based on severity of the illness and the treating physician’s discretion. Significant differences in treatment strategies were noted among studies from different parts of the world, which could be due to lack of standard treatment protocols in the initial phase of disease evolution [9-11,14,16]. However, a considerable number of studies would be required for developing standard treatment protocols. Concordant to previous reports by Torres et al. [14] and Dhanalakshmi et al. [11], 52.4% of children in this series required PICU admission. The median length of hospital stay was 6 days which was comparable to previous reports [9,14,15]. Although previous studies showed variable rates of mortality, no death was reported in this study [11,14,15,17]. The follow-up rate in this study was 76.2%. All children had no health concerns at the time of follow-up, and most echocardiographic abnormalities had resolved. However, these children should be followed up at regular intervals to know the long-term consequences of the disease.

A major limitation of this study is that it was conducted in a single center over a limited period of time, and has a small sample size. Another limitation is that this study only included children under the age of 16 years, because our institutional policy defined children under 16 years to be admitted to the pediatric department. It might have missed MIS-C patients older than 16 years of age.

In conclusion, MIS-C is a novel disease that can present in a myriad of ways with variable severity, and a high index of suspicion is necessary in this era of COVID-19 pandemic for early identification, appropriate management, and favorable outcomes of patients. Further research is essential to develop optimal treatment strategies.

Footnotes

Conflicts of interest

Conflicts of interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Acknowledgments

Dr. Karthikeyan Shanmugam (Associate professor, Department of Community medicine) for his help in statistical analysis.

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