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All issues > Volume 65(10); 2022
Three-dimensional printing technolgy in orthopedic oncology
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Yongsung Kim, MD
- Corresponding author: Yongsung Kim, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea Email: yong.kim@snu.ac.kr
- Received January 10, 2022 Revised January 10, 2022 Accepted March 28, 2022
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a method of fabricating a 3D-shaped object using various materials. Research on 3D printing is active in the medical field. Among them, orthopedic oncology most actively applies 3D printing technologies, ranging from preoperative planning to accurate tumor resection and huge bone defect reconstruction.
In cases of malignant bone tumors, the main lesion is usually located inside the bone and grossly invisible unless extraosseous extensions are present. Therefore, tumor excision is usually performed under intraoperative C-arm guidance to secure an adequately wide margin. The use of a 3D printing technique can help preoperative planning via enabling direct mass visualization, 3D bone printing, and tumor modeling. Patient-specific instrument (PSI) using 3D printing is another breakthrough technique that can safely remove tumors if properly mounted. The authors reported their results using 3D printing for reconstruction after pelvic bone tumors, among the most difficult location to approach and expose, and showed no difference in accuracy in actual clinical sites with 3D printing PSI and comparing and analyzing the accuracy with other tools such as navigation [1,2].
Custom-made 3D-printed prostheses allow the treatment of large bone defects in difficult sites in the absence of a standard modular prosthetic implant [3]. Due to the various sizes and locations of bone defects and the need to provide personalized reconstruction, the creation of fixation implants is the most beneficial aspect of 3D printing for patients with malignant bone tumors. This technique is also promising in pediatric bone sarcoma cases since reconstruction is challenging due to small patient bone size. Moreover, properly sized prefabricated allografts or prostheses are often difficult to obtain. Thus, in the near future, 3D printing is likely to become an important reconstruction option for malignant bone tumors.
Several important issues prevent the practical use of 3D printing techniques. First, confirmation of its accuracy versus conventional resection strategies using PSI is necessary. The authors showed that PSI showed comparable accuracy in their studies with pelvic bone tumors [3]. Second, the longevity of 3D-printed versus modular prefabricated implants requires further confirmation. Although satisfactory functional results have been reported to date, the sample sizes were small and follow-up periods short [4,5]. Thus, a future long-term follow-up study is necessary to validate such findings.
The authors of the review article, "Application of 3-dimensional printing implants for bone tumors", are pioneers in this field who have outstanding experience performing 3D-printed reconstructions. The flow chart of the 3D implants fabricated using PSI was both concise and informative. In the future, 3D-printing is expected to play a more important role in the field of orthopedic oncology.
- Footnotes
Conflicts of interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
- References
- 1. Wong KC, Sze KY, Wong IO, Wong CM, Kumta SM. Patient-specific instrument can achieve same accuracy with less resection time than navigation assistance in periacetabular pelvic tumor surgery: a cadaveric study. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2016;11:307–16.
[Article] [PubMed]2. Park JW, Kang HG, Lim KM, Park DW, Kim JH, Kim HS. Bone tumor resection guide using three-dimensional printing for limb salvage surgery. J Surg Oncol 2018;118:898–905.
[Article] [PubMed]3. Angelini A, Kotrych D, Trovarelli G, Szafrański A, Bohatyrewicz A, Ruggieri P. Analysis of principles inspiring design of three-dimensional-printed custom-made prostheses in two referral centres. Int Orthop 2020;44:829–37.
[Article] [PubMed]