All issues > Volume 58(3); 2015

Case Report

Published online: March 20, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2015.58.3.108

DiGeorge syndrome who developed lymphoproliferative mediastinal mass

Kyu Yeun Kim, MD¹, Ji Ae Hur, MD¹, Ki Hwan Kim, MD¹, Yoon Jin Cha, MD², Mi Jung Lee, MD³, Dong Soo Kim, MD, PhD¹

¹Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

²Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

³Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Dong Soo Kim, MD, PhD. Division of Infection and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2228-2050, Fax: +82-2-313-9118, dskim6634@yuhs.ac

Received September 13, 2013       Revised October 17, 2013       Accepted October 31, 2013

Copyright © 2015 by The Korean Pediatric Society

(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/):

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

DiGeorge syndrome is an immunodeficient disease associated with abnormal development of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches. As a hemizygous deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 occurs, various clinical phenotypes are shown with a broad spectrum. Conotruncal cardiac anomalies, hypoplastic thymus, and hypocalcemia are the classic triad of DiGeorge syndrome. As this syndrome is characterized by hypoplastic or aplastic thymus, there are missing thymic shadow on their plain chest x-ray. Immunodeficient patients are traditionally known to be at an increased risk for malignancy, especially lymphoma. We experienced a 7-year-old DiGeorge syndrome patient with mediastinal mass shadow on her plain chest x-ray. She visited Severance Children's Hospital hospital with recurrent pneumonia, and throughout her repeated chest x-ray, there was a mass like shadow on anterior mediastinal area. We did full evaluation including chest computed tomography, chest ultrasonography, and chest magnetic resonance imaging. To rule out malignancy, video assisted thoracoscopic surgery was done. Final diagnosis of the mass which was thought to be malignancy, was lymphoproliferative lesion.

Key words: DiGeorge syndrome, Lymphoproliferative disorders, Mediastinal neoplasms

Introduction

Introduction

DiGeorge syndrome is an immunodeficient disease with especially defect in cellular immunity. Signs and symptoms are associated with abnormal development of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches. As these sites are common embryonic precursor for the thymus and parathyroid, they can cause immunologic problems¹⁾. The most common manifestations are cardiac malformations, speech delay, and immune deficiency but wide phenotypic spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders and otolaryngological disorders also exists. Dysmorphogenesis of pharyngeal pouches occurs during early embryogenesis is known to play a main role in these manifestations2,³⁾. As the etiology is heterogeneous, spectrum is broad of the syndrome. As the clinical phenotype vary widely, there can be no symptoms other than immunologic problem⁴⁾. Current estimates of the prevalence reach as frequent as 1 in every 2,000 people in America⁵⁾. In Korea, the prevalence is 0.50 per million⁶⁾. These patients are at increased risk for lymphoproliferative disorders and even malignancy, such as T-cell and B-cell lymphomas7,⁸⁾. We present our experience with a case with DiGeorge syndrome, who developed lymphoproliferative disease.

Case report

Case report

A 7-year-old female, delivered at intrauterine period 38 weeks, 2.9 kg, by normal spontaneous vaginal delivery in another hospital, was diagnosed with DiGeorge's syndrome at 2 weeks of birth by chromosomal assay (Fig. 1) following a hypocalcemic seizure. At that time, there was missing thymic shadow on her chest x-ray. There was no cardiac anomaly with presence of minimal patent ductus arteriosus. She initially came to our hospital for rehabilitation outpatient treatment at the age of 10 months. She visited pediatric department frequently because of recurrent pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infection.

At 7 years of age, she was admitted for pneumonia. Comparing with her initial chest x-ray, a bulging contour of mediastinal shadow was noted on the follow, initially thought to be an enlarged thymus (Fig. 2). As her previous chest ultrasonography reviewed no thymus, we first considered chest computed tomography (CT) for further evaluation. There was no abnormal blood test except mild leukocytosis, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein which thought to be the result of infection. On her chest CT, ovoid enhancing lesion (1.5 cm×2.2 cm×2.3 cm) in right paratracheal area was seen (Fig. 3), and chest sonography was recommended.

Chest ultrasonography was done. The ovoid enhancing lesion that was seen on the chest CT was a slightly hyperechoic lesion on ultrasonography. Parenchymal echogenic pattern of the thymus was not seen (Fig. 4). As it was a nonspecific finding, excluding thymus was impossible. Follow-up evaluations showed up, mass size showed slight decrease as her pneumonia improved.

Regular checkup was done through 6 months. Mass shadow still existed, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was recommended. Size of right upper paratracheal mass and lymph nodes were increased. According to the MRI image, there were pneumonic consolidation on both lung fields, and increased size of right upper paratracheal mass and lymphnodes. Lymphoma or lymphoproliferative disorder was suspected. Biopsy was recommended. Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery was done. The thoracic scope showed a 2-cm-sized solid mass in anterior mediastinal mass between superior vena cava and aortic arch was observed (Fig. 5). There was no adhesion or effusion. The mass was removed without any complication, and pathologic review was done. No immunological stain was done. Numerous enlarged follicles were irregularly distributed in various sizes and shapes. Reactive follicles showed well demarcated mantle zone and germinal center (Fig. 6). As it showed normal architecture of lymph node with reactive hyperplasia and there was no evidence of specific infection, special stain was not done. Final diagnosis was lymphoproliferative lesion.

Discussion

Discussion

In 1965, Angelo DiGeorge described the common embryologic derivation of the heart, thymus and parathyroid glands as the explanation for their joint malformation in patients and named DiGeorge syndrome. As a hemizygous deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 occurs, various clinical phenotypes are shown with a broad spectrum³⁾. The classic triad of this syndrome includes conotruncal cardiac anomalies, hypoplastic thymus, and hypocalcemia. Most of these patients show mildly or moderately diminished circulating T cells. Despite their infrequent cellular immunity, as medical science develops, the patient desired life expectancy extended. Their concern is now complications that can show up as they become older, such as cancer.

Traditionally, immunodeficient patients are known to be at an increased risk for malignancy, especially lymphoma. There are three general biologic circumstances: (1) Endemic incidence of Epstein-Barr virus infection, (2) predominancy of type 2 cytokine production in susceptible hosts and in the case of primary immune defects, and (3) disruption of normal pathways that regulate lymphocyte cell cycling and survival by genetic mutations⁹⁾.

Serious T-cell defects increases risk of lymphoma. Also chronic inflammation occurring as a result of infection in immunodeficeint patient has oncogenic properties¹⁰⁾. The hemizygous deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 generally includes the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT). As COMT function is altered, the ability to detoxify certain environmental carcinogens is altered¹¹⁾. It means that DiGeorge syndrome patients are at increased risk for lymphoma. There are some cases of malignancy related with DiGeorge syudrome, but lymphoproliferative disorder related cases have not been reported.

In our case, there was a mass like lesion on mediastinum but as it with wax and wane feature, we just follow up her chest x-ray. But at the last chest x-ray follow-up, the size became larger. We underwent chest sonography, chest CT, and chest MRI. Biopsy was recommended to rule out lymphoma. At the operating field, mass was removed readily, and no malignant evidence was shown. The pathologic finding was also far from malignancy, a lymphoproliferative lesion.

Lymphoproliferative disorders show reactive or atypical lymphoid hyperplasia. In our patient, there was only repetitive infection which can be seen in DiGeorge syndrome, and a mass like shadow on plan chest x-ray. Prognosis of lymphoproliferative disease is generally good, and our patient will have a good prognosis as well. But there are still opportunities for malignancy. Therefore, continuous follow-up is needed. In conclusion, we report a rare case with lymphoproliferative disease in DiGeorge syndrome.

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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Fig. 1

This is our patient's chromosomal assay. Fluorescence in situ hybridization test was done, and it shows only one TUPLE1 signal at ch' 22. This represents interstitial deletion of 22q11.2, DiGeorge critical region (arrow).

Fig. 2

Chest x-ray was taken when she had pneumonia. It shows homogenous mass like lesion on right mediastinal area (arrow).

Fig. 3

Chest computed tomography shows an ovoid enhancing lesion (1.5 cm×2.2 cm×2.3 cm) in right paratracheal area (arrow).

Fig. 4

Chest ultrasonography shows a slightly hyperechoic lesion (arrow).

Fig. 5

Thorasic scope shows a 2-cm-sized solid mass in anterior mediastinal mass between superior vena cava and aortic arch (arrow).

Fig. 6

(A) Pathologic finding shows numerous enlarged follicles with irregularly distributed of various sizes and shapes (H&E, ×100). (B) Reactive follicles show well demarcated mantle zone and germinal center (H&E, ×400)