Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

All issues > Volume 67(3); 2024

Lim: Impacts of maternal COVID-19 during pregnancy on neonatal health and epidemiology

Editorial
Neonatology (Perinatology): Published online: December 28, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01452; Impacts of maternal COVID-19 during pregnancy on neonatal health and epidemiology; Jae Woo Lim, MD; Department of Pediatrics, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea; Corresponding author: Jae Woo Lim, MD. Department of Pediatrics, Konyang University College of Medicine, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea Email: limsoa@hanmail.net; Received October 20, 2023 Revised November 10, 2023 Accepted November 11, 2023; Copyright © 2024 by The Korean Pediatric Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

See the article "Association between maternal coronavirus disease 2019 and transient tachypnea of the newborn: a single-center study" via https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00563.

Key message: Newborns born to mothers infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should be closely monitored for respiratory disorders, such as transient tachypnea of the newborn, regardless of their COVID-19 test results. Further research is required of the development of infants born to mothers with COVID-19. The trends in Korea's birth rate and infant mortality rates have not been significantly affected by COVID-19.

Many studies have explored the effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on newborns and fetuses of mothers diagnosed with the virus during pregnancy. These studies have consistently reported very low rates of vertical transmission to neonates or infections during delivery. Furthermore, even in cases in which infection occurs, the majority of cases are documented as asymptomatic or mild [1]. In recent studies, newborns born to mothers with COVID-19 who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibited higher rates of prematurity and multiple birth. However, no cases of neonatal mortality have been reported, and there is no significant difference in the need for mechanical ventilation based on SARS-CoV-2 results [2]. In September 2023, the Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Korean Society of Neonatology released a recommendation advocating standard precautions without preemptive quarantine or testing when managing babies born to mothers with COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of close symptom monitoring [3].

In clinical practice, there have been cases in which newborns born to COVID-19-infected mothers tested negative for the virus through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction but required oxygen therapy due to mild respiratory issues or had extended hospital stays due to reduced activity and feeding difficulties. This raised questions about whether maternal COVID-19 impacted newborns born to infected mothers but testing negative. Therefore, we thoroughly reviewed this study to compare newborns born to mothers with versus without COVID-19.

This study [4] compared the clinical outcomes between newborns born to mothers with COVID-19 who tested negative and those born to noninfected mothers (control group). The two groups were compared by matching gestational age at birth, and errors in the study results were reduced by regression analysis and controlling for other factors that may affect neonatal outcomes, including cesarean section. A significantly higher risk of transient tachypnea in the newborn, noninvasive ventilation use, and supplemental oxygen requirement were noted among neonates born to mothers with COVID-19. The authors emphasized the importance of closely monitoring respiratory symptoms in neonates born to COVID-19-infected mothers [4]. A Swedish study also reported that maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy was significantly associated with increased risk of respiratory disorders and other neonatal health issues [5]. Therefore, it is recommended that clinicians care for newborns while considering both the COVID-19 guidelines mentioned earlier and the results of this study.

The following points in the discussion section are also considered important and are briefly mentioned. Several studies have proposed the mechanisms underlying these symptoms. Pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 have elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. These cytokines can cross the placenta and induce inflammation in the fetal lungs and brain [6]. A recent study also showed placental inflammation (53.4%) and maternal vascular malperfusion (27.5%)in the placenta of COVID-19-infected mothers, while SARS-CoV-2 antigen was detected in 94.8% of placental tissues [7]. Additionally, another cohort study indicated that infants exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in utero may face an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders by 12 months of age [8]. Therefore, careful long-term follow-up and further research are required of the growth and development of infants born to mothers infected with COVID-19.

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnancy, childbirth, and infant mortality vary across countries. During the pandemic, in the United States and Europe, birth and premature birth rates decreased, while low-income countries saw increases, possibly due to unplanned pregnancies resulting from interruptions in international aid projects and family planning programs [9,10]. To examine the impact of COVID-19 in South Korea, here we investigated population dynamics between the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–2021) and previous periods using Statistics Korea data [11].

The number of births in South Korea decreased from 484,550 in 2012 to 260,562 in 2021. During the same period, the rates of premature and multiple births increased from 6.27% and 3.22% in 2012 to 9.12% and 5.38% in 2021, respectively. The neonatal and infant mortality rates per 1,000 live births continued to decrease from 1.72 and 2.90 in 2012 to 1.25 and 2.40 in 2021, respectively. The data showed no significant changes in the trends attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic (Table 1). This indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic had a minimal impact on maternal pregnancy and newborn health in South Korea.

Footnotes

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding

This study received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Acknowledgments

The author thank Professor Yun Sil Chang of Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Professor Do-Hyun Kim of Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital for their valuable advice.

Table 1.

Population dynamics between coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic period (2020–2021) and previous periods

Variable	Year
Variable	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Live birth (n)	484,550	436,455	435,435	438,420	406,243	357,771	326,822	302,676	272,337	260,562
Gestational age <32 wk (%)	0.75	0.81	0.77	0.81	0.81	0.82	0.85	0.88	0.87	0.86
Gestational age <37 wk (%)	6.27	6.47	6.68	6.95	7.24	7.58	7.72	8.05	8.41	9.12
Low birth weight infants (%)	0.63	0.68	0.66	0.69	0.69	0.71	0.75	0.77	0.78	0.78
Very low birth weight infants (%)	5.34	5.54	5.71	5.74	5.87	6.16	6.19	6.58	6.73	7.16
Multiple births (%)	3.22	3.29	3.49	3.69	3.87	3.89	4.19	4.61	4.88	5.38
Crude birth rate (no. of births/1,000 population)	9.6	8.6	8.6	8.6	7.9	7.0	6.4	5.9	5.3	5.1
Number of marriages (case)	327,073	322,807	305,507	302,828	281,635	264,455	257,622	239,159	213,502	192,507
Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 women of childbearing age)	0.37	0.38	0.37	0.30	0.27	0.22	0.30	0.25	0.27	0.20
Neonatal mortality rate (/1,000 live births)	1.72	1.72	1.71	1.54	1.62	1.53	1.63	1.54	1.27	1.25
Infant mortality rate (/1,000 live births)	2.90	2.99	3.00	2.71	2.84	2.80	2.85	2.72	2.47	2.40

References

1. Corsi Decenti E, Salvatore MA, Mancon A, Portella G, Rocca A, Vocale C, et al. A large series of molecular and serological specimens to evaluate mother-to-child SARS-CoV-2 transmission: a prospective study from the Italian Obstetric Surveillance System. Int J Infect Dis 2023;126:1–9.
[Article] [PubMed] [PMC]

2. Hudak ML, Flannery DD, Barnette K, Getzlaff T, Gautam S, Dhudasia MB, et al. Maternal and newborn hospital outcomes of perinatal SARS-CoV-2 infection: a national registry. Pediatrics 2023;151:e2022059595.
[PubMed]

3. Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Recommendation for isolation and testing of newborns born to pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 infection [Internet]. Seoul (Korea): Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases; [cited 2023 Oct 17]. Available from: https://www.pediatrics.or.kr/bbs/index.html?code=corona.

4. Lee SH, Jin JH, Yoo JH, Yoon SW. Association between maternal coronavirus disease 2019 and transient tachypnea of the newborn: a single-center study. Clin Exp Pediatr 2023;66:493–500.
[Article] [PubMed] [PMC]

5. Norman M, Navér L, Söderling J, Ahlberg M, Hervius Askling H, Aronsson B, et al. Association of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy with neonatal outcomes. JAMA 2021;325:2076–86.
[Article] [PubMed] [PMC]

6. Elgueta D, Murgas P, Riquelme E, Yang G, Cancino GI. Consequences of viral infection and cytokine production during pregnancy on brain development in offspring. Front Immunol 2022;13:816619.
[Article] [PubMed] [PMC]

7. Lee JM, Lee HN, Kim SH, Park SH, Jeong J, Lee BS, et al. Placental infection and perinatal outcomes in neonates born to mothers with COVID-19: a single-center retrospective study. Perinatology 2023;34:114–21.
[Article]

8. Edlow AG, Castro VM, Shook LL, Haneuse S, Kaimal AJ, Perlis RH. Sex-specific neurodevelopmental outcomes among offspring of mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open 2023;6:e234415.
[Article] [PubMed] [PMC]

9. Yao XD, Zhu LJ, Yin J, Wen J. Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health 2022;213:127–34.
[Article] [PubMed] [PMC]

10. Cousins S. COVID-19 has "devastating" effect on women and girls. Lancet 2020;396:301–2.
[Article] [PubMed] [PMC]

11. Statistics Korea. Korean Statistical Information Service. Population dynamics (live birth, death, marriage) Database [Internet]. Seoul (Korea): Statistics Korea; [cited 2023 Oct 17]. Available from: https://kosis.kr.