1. Miyazawa T, Itahashi K, Imai T. Management of neonatal cow's milk allergy in high-risk neonates. Pediatr Int 2009;51:544–7.
2. Nomura I, Morita H, Hosokawa S, Hoshina H, Fukuie T, Watanabe M, et al. Four distinct subtypes of non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergies in neonates and infants, distinguished by their initial symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127:685–8.e1-8.
4. Yamamoto M, Nagashima S, Yamada Y, Murakoshi T, Shimoyama Y, Takahashi S, et al. Comparison of nonesophageal eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders with eosinophilic esophagitis: a nationwide survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021;9:3339–49.e8.
5. Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Chehade M, Groetch ME, Spergel JM, Wood RA, Allen K, et al. International consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Executive summary-Workgroup Report of the Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;139:1111–26.e4.
6. Spergel JM, Brown-Whitehorn TF, Beausoleil JL, Franciosi J, Shuker M, Verma R, et al. 14 years of eosinophilic esophagitis: clinical features and prognosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48:30–6.
7. Yamada Y. Unique features of non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy during infancy in Japan. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;20:299–304.
9. Dellon ES, Gonsalves N, Abonia JP, Alexander JA, Arva NC, Atkins D, et al. International consensus recommendations for eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease nomenclature. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;20:2474. –84. e3.
12. Akashi M, Hayashi D, Kajita N, Kinoshita M, Ishii T, Tsumura Y, et al. Recent dramatic increase in patients with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) provoked by hen's egg in Japan. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2022;10:1110–2.e2.
16. Miyazawa T, Itabashi K, Imai T. Retrospective multicenter survey on food-related symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy in NICU neonates. Allergol Int 2013;62:85–90.
17. Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Katz Y, Mehr SS, Koletzko S. Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;135:1114–24.
19. Sachs B, Fatangare A, Sickmann A, Glassner A. Lymphocyte transformation test: history and current approaches. J Immunol Methods 2021;493:113036.
26. Ruffner MA, Ruymann K, Barni S, Cianferoni A, Brown-Whitehorn T, Spergel JM. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: insights from review of a large referral population. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013;1:343–9.
27. Ocak M, Akarsu A, Sahiner UM, Soyer O, Sekerel BE. Phenotypes and natural history of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in the east Mediterranean region. Allergy Asthma Proc 2020;41:420–7.
28. Sopo SM, Giorgio V, Dello Iacono I, Novembre E, Mori F, Onesimo R. A multicentre retrospective study of 66 Italian children with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: different management for different phenotypes. Clin Exp Allergy 2012;42:1257–65.
29. Vila L, Garcia V, Rial MJ, Novoa E, Cacharron T. Fish is a major trigger of solid food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in Spanish children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2015;3:621–3.
31. Watanabe Y, Sakai H, Nihei M, Miura K, Kumaki S. Early tolerance acquisition in hen's egg yolk-associated food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021;9:2120–2.e2.
32. Toyama Y, Ishii T, Morita K, Tsumura Y, Takahashi T, Akashi M, et al. Multicenter retrospective study of patients with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome provoked by hen's egg. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021;9:547–9.e1.
33. Nakamura Y. The roles and training system of new specialists for allergy in internal medicine. Arerugi 2017;66:1139–47.
34. Kinoshita Y, Oouchi S, Fujisawa T. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases - pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Allergol Int 2019;68:420–9.
35. Kimura M, Shimomura M, Morishita H, Meguro T, Seto S. Eosinophilia in infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in Japan. Allergol Int 2017;66:310–6.
37. Shoda T, Morita H, Nomura I, Ishimura N, Ishihara S, Matsuda A, et al. Comparison of gene expression profiles in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) between Japan and Western countries. Allergol Int 2015;64:260–5.
39. Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:11. –28. quiz 29.
40. Klein NC, Hargrove RL, Sleisenger MH, Jeffries GH. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1970;49:299–319.
41. Arias A, Perez-Martinez I, Tenias JM, Lucendo AJ. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults in population-based studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016;43:3–15.
42. Yamada Y. Research on grasping the overall picture of patients with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis (pEoE) and establishment of diagnostic and treatment guidelines of pEoE - Overall research report (2010-2013) [Internet]. Saitama (Japan): National Institute of Public Health; 2011 [202 2 Dec 31]. Available from:
https://mhlw-grants.niph.go.jp/project/20123.
43. Noel RJ, Putnam PE, Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic esophagitis. N Engl J Med 2004;351:940–1.
44. Ishimura N, Sumi S, Okada M, Mikami H, Okimoto E, Nagano N, et al. Is asymptomatic esophageal eosinophilia the same disease entity as eosinophilic esophagitis? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;17:1405–7.
49. Liacouras CA, Furuta GT, Hirano I, Atkins D, Attwood SE, Bonis PA, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;128:3. –20.e6. quiz 21-2.
51. Lucendo AJ, Arias A, Molina-Infante J. Efficacy of proton pump inhibitor drugs for inducing clinical and histologic remission in patients with symptomatic esophageal eosinophilia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;14:13–22.e1.
52. Liacouras CA. Clinical presentation and treatment of pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2011;7:264–7.
53. Kagalwalla AF, Sentongo TA, Ritz S, Hess T, Nelson SP, Emerick KM, et al. Effect of six-food elimination diet on clinical and histologic outcomes in eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:1097–102.
56. Jensen ET, Martin CF, Kappelman MD, Dellon ES. Prevalence of eosinophilic gastritis, gastroenteritis, and colitis: estimates from a national administrative database. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016;62:36–42.
57. Kato M, Kephart GM, Talley NJ, Wagner JM, Sarr MG, Bonno M, et al. Eosinophil infiltration and degranulation in normal human tissue. Anat Rec 1998;252:418–25.
58. Matsushita T, Maruyama R, Ishikawa N, Harada Y, Araki A, Chen D, et al. The number and distribution of eosinophils in the adult human gastrointestinal tract: a study and comparison of racial and environmental factors. Am J Surg Pathol 2015;39:521–7.
60. Pesek RD, Reed CC, Muir AB, Fulkerson PC, Menard-Katcher C, Falk GW, et al. Increasing rates of diagnosis, substantial co-occurrence, and variable treatment patterns of eosinophilic gastritis, gastroenteritis, and colitis based on 10-year data across a multicenter consortium. Am J Gastroenterol 2019;114:984–94.
61. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder research group of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan. Japanese clinical practice guidelines for eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders in preschool children to adults [Internet]. Tokyo (Japan), Japan Council for Quality Health Care. [cited 2022 Aug 19]. Available online:
https://minds.jcqhc.or.jp/n/med/4/med0445/G0001228.
62. Pineton de Chambrun G, Gonzalez F, Canva JY, Gonzalez S, Houssin L, Desreumaux P, et al. Natural history of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:950–6.e1.
63. Friesen CA, Kearns GL, Andre L, Neustrom M, Roberts CC, AbdelRahman SM. Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of montelukast in dyspeptic children with duodenal eosinophilia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;38:343–51.
64. Yamada Y, Kato M, Isoda Y, Nishi A, Jinbo Y, Hayashi Y. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis treated with a multiple-food elimination diet. Allergol Int 2014;63 Suppl 1:53–6.
66. Lucendo AJ, Serrano-Montalban B, Arias A, Redondo O, Tenias JM. Efficacy of dietary treatment for inducing disease remission in eosinophilic gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015;61:56–64.
67. Akdis CA, Sicherer SH. Allergy and the immunologic basis of atopic disease. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme J, editors. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2020:1170–4.e1.
68. Sato S, Sugizaki C, Yanagida N, Ito K, Ohshima Y, Shimojo N, et al. Nationwide questionnaire-based survey of oral immunotherapy in Japan. Allergol Int 2018;67:399–404.
69. Lucendo AJ, Arias A, Tenias JM. Relation between eosinophilic esophagitis and oral immunotherapy for food allergy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014;113:624–9.
70. Petroni D, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic esophagitis and symptoms possibly related to eosinophilic esophagitis in oral immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018;120:237–40.e4.
71. Goldberg MR, Nachshon L, Levy MB, Elizur A, Katz Y. Risk factors and treatment outcomes for oral immunotherapy-induced gastrointestinal symptoms and eosinophilic responses (OITIGER). J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020;8:125–31.
72. Shoda T, Matsuda A, Arai K, Shimizu H, Morita H, Orihara K, et al. Sera of patients with infantile eosinophilic gastroenteritis showed a specific increase in both thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-33 levels. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016;138:299–303.
73. Wada T, Toma T, Muraoka M, Matsuda Y, Yachie A. Elevation of fecal eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014;25:617–9.
74. Wada T, Matsuda Y, Muraoka M, Toma T, Yachie A. Fecal eosinophilderived neurotoxin in cow's milk-sensitive enteropathy: a case report. Allergol Int 2015;64:99–100.
75. Morita H, Nomura I, Orihara K, Yoshida K, Akasawa A, Tachimoto H, et al. Antigen-specific T-cell responses in patients with non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy are predominantly skewed to T(H)2. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131:590–2.e1-6.
78. Judd LM, Heine RG, Menheniott TR, Buzzelli J, O'Brien-Simpson N, Pavlic D, et al. Elevated IL-33 expression is associated with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis, and exogenous IL-33 promotes eosinophilic esophagitis development in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016;310:G13–25.
79. Mitson-Salazar A, Yin Y, Wansley DL, Young M, Bolan H, Arceo S, et al. Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase defines a proeosinophilic pathogenic effector human T(H)2 cell subpopulation with enhanced function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016;137:907–18.e9.
80. Chung HL, Hwang JB, Park JJ, Kim SG. Expression of transforming growth factor beta1, transforming growth factor type I and II receptors, and TNF-alpha in the mucosa of the small intestine in infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:150–4.
81. Ohtsuka Y, Yamashiro Y, Maeda M, Oguchi S, Shimizu T, Nagata S, et al. Food antigen activates intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes in food-sensitive enteropathy in mice. Ped Res 1996;39:862–6.
82. Zhang Y, Gevaert E, Lou H, Wang X, Zhang L, Bachert C, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis in Asia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;140:1230–9.