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"Most downloaded" Articles are from the articles published in 2024 during the last six months.
- Review Article
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Optimal postnatal corticosteroid regimens to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia with minimal adverse effects
(480 times)
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Ga Won Jeon
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(4):293-300. Published online March 27, 2026
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Postnatal corticosteroids facilitate ventilator weaning and reduce the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Despite being commonly used in high-risk infants, administration guidelines have not been established. Early dexamethasone may cause neurodevelopmental harm, and the optimal dosing remains uncertain. Inhaled corticosteroids show inconclusive benefits, whereas intratracheal administration with surfactant appears promising. Thus, corticosteroids should be used cautiously in high-risk, ventilator-dependent infants with severe BPD, and further high-quality trials are needed. |
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- Original Article
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Effect of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation with intermittent sigh breaths on carbon dioxide levels in neonates
(370 times)
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Kulthida Baingam, Anucha Thatrimontrichai, Manapat Praditaukrit, Gunlawadee Maneenil, Supaporn Dissaneevate
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):178-184. Published online November 13, 2024
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Question: Can sigh breaths (Sighs) application during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) decrease partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels?
Finding: The mean PaCO2 level after Sighs during HFOV was significantly decreased compared to that after HFOV alone (mean difference, -3.6 mmHg).
Meaning: HFOV plus Sighs functionality can reduce PaCO2 levels. However, further studies are required to conclusively determine the effects of Sighs. |
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- Review Article
- Infection
- Community-acquired pneumonia in children: updated perspectives on its etiology, diagnosis, and treatment
(358 times)
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Ki Wook Yun
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):80-89. Published online June 14, 2023
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· Most commonly confirmed causes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children are Mycoplasma pneumoniae (8%–40%) and respiratory syncytial virus (15%–20%).
· Pyogenic bacteria, most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae (40%–50%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (10%–25%), are detected in 2%–5% of children hospitalized with CAP.
· CAP should be diagnosed conservatively according to clinical and radiological criteria.
· The etiology should be identified via appropriate test result interpretation. |
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- Original Article
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Characterization of gut microbiota in very low birth weight infants with versus without bronchopulmonary dysplasia
(339 times)
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Anucha Thatrimontrichai, Manapat Praditaukrit, Gunlawadee Maneenil, Supaporn Dissaneevate, Kamonnut Singkhamanan, Komwit Surachat
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):503-511. Published online February 26, 2025
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Question: Does the gut microbiota differ between very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with versus without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?
Finding: Common respiratory pathogens were notably elevated in the BPD group, whereas anaerobic and butyrate-producing taxa, key components of postbiotics, were dominant in the non-BPD group.
Meaning: In gut-lung communication, the interplay between the intestinal and respiratory systems may implicate pro- and postbiotics in VLBW infants with BPD. |
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- Review Article
- Gastroenterology
- Ingestion of foreign bodies and caustic substances in children: a narrative review on clinical evaluation and management update
(291 times)
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Maria Rogalidou
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):11-21. Published online December 10, 2025
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Foreign body and caustic substance ingestion in children aged 1–5 years can feature to severe and, sometimes life-threatening complications. High-risk items include batteries, magnets, and corrosive chemicals. Severity depends on object type, location, and ingestion timing. Prompt diagnosis and early endoscopic intervention are crucial. Individualized management, high clinical suspicion, and parental education are essential to improving outcomes and preventing immediate and long-term complications affecting a child’s quality of life. |
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- Original Article
- Developmental and Behavioral Medicine
- Characteristics of temper tantrums in 1–6-year-old children and impact on caregivers
(236 times)
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Warangkana Prutipaisan, Issarapa Chunsuwan, Tippawan Hansakunachai, Paskorn Sritipsukho
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):170-177. Published online November 13, 2024
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Question: What are common tantrum behaviors in preschool children, and how frequently are problematic behaviors observed? Do problematic tantrums have a different emotional impact on caregivers compared to typical tantrums?
Finding: Temper tantrums are common in preschool children, and verbal tantrums are the most common type.
Meaning: Problematic tantrums, defined as tantrums exhibiting aggressive physical behavior, long duration (>15 minutes), or frequent occurrence (>3 days/wk), significantly affected caregivers’ emotions. |
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- Review Article
- Allergy
- Update on pediatric allergic rhinitis: narrative review based on guideline updates
(213 times)
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Jung Yeon Shim
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(6):473-483. Published online May 28, 2026
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Intranasal corticosteroids remain the cornerstone treatment for moderate to severe allergic rhinitis. The 2024–2025 Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma guideline update suggests that fixed intranasal antihistamine–intranasal corticosteroid combinations may provide greater symptom control in allergic rhinitis than either agent alone. A control-based patient-centered approach that incorporates real-world evidence is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes in children. |
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- Nephrology (Genitourinary)
- X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets: from diagnosis to management
(203 times)
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Eujin Park, Hee Gyung Kang
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(1):17-25. Published online June 14, 2023
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· X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), the most common cause of hypophosphatemic rickets, affects 1/20,000 people.
· XLH is caused by a loss-of-function mutation of the PHEX gene.
· Its main pathogenesis is elevated fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) level.
· Burosumab, an FGF23 inhibitor, was developed in the early 2000s.
· Burosumab was approved in Korea in 2020 for XLH patients aged 1+ years with radiographic evidence of bone disease. |
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- Developmental and Behavioral Medicine
- Comprehensive evaluation of the child with global developmental delays or intellectual disability
(200 times)
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Abdullah Nasser Aldosari, T. Saeed Aldosari
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(9):435-446. Published online May 29, 2024
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· A detailed history and comprehensive physical examination remain the cornerstones for establishing a diagnosis of global developmental delay/intellectual disability (GDD/ID).
· Comprehensive surveillance and screening programs play a significant role in the early detection of GDD.
· Whole-exome sequencing is highly recommended as first- or second-line testing for individuals with idiopathic GDD/ID.
· Early intervention by a well-versed multidisciplinary team can significantly improve the outcomes and prognosis of GDD/ID. |
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- Original Article
- General Pediatrics
- Liposomal SunActive versus conventional iron for treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in children aged 2–12 years: a prospective randomized controlled trial
(185 times)
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Wael A. Bahbah, Yasmin A.H.S. Younis, Hanan Salama Elbelouny, Asmaa A. Mahmoud
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(8):608-615. Published online July 18, 2025
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Background: Liposomal iron, a novel oral formulation of ferric pyrophosphate that demonstrates improved gastrointestinal absorption and bioavailability with fewer side effects than conventional iron, represents a significant advancement in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA).
Purpose: To conduct an in-depth comparative study of liposomal SunActive and conventional iron supplements (iron polymaltose complex) for treating IDA in children aged 2–12 years
Methods: This... |
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- Original Article
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among parents of neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis
(157 times)
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Asha P. Shetty, Kurvatteppa Halemani, Alwin Issac, Latha Thimmappa, Sanjay Dhiraaj, Radha K, Prabhaker Mishra, Vijai Datta Upadhyaya
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):104-115. Published online November 14, 2023
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Question: What emotions do parents experience when their newborns are admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)?
Finding: Mothers experienced more anxiety (51%), depression (31%), and stress (41%) symptoms than fathers (26%, 12%, and 22%, respectively).
Meaning: Parents often experience anxiety, stress, and depression following NICU admission. Healthcare workers are responsible for providing regular parental counseling. |
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- Pulmonology
- Effect of vitamin C supplement in treatment of childhood pneumonia requiring hospitalization: a randomized controlled trial
(155 times)
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Chutima Phuaksaman, Katechan Jampachaisri, Klaita Srisingh
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(9):690-699. Published online April 1, 2025
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This study assessed the effects of vitamin C on children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Vitamin C supplementation improved clinical symptoms within 48–72 hours compared to placebo but did not reduce the length of hospital stay (LOS). These findings suggest that vitamin C is beneficial for managing CAP severity, but does not affect LOS. |
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- Review Article
- Developmental and Behavioral Medicine
- Clinical practice guidelines for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: recent updates
(147 times)
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Tae Hoon Eom, Young-Hoon Kim
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(1):26-34. Published online June 14, 2023
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· Primary pediatricians should play a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
· The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, has lowered the diagnostic threshold for older teens and adults and a comorbid diagnosis with autism is now allowed.
· The American Academy of Pediatrics had added recommendation-related comorbid conditions in its guideline and the Society of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics recently developed a complex ADHD guideline.
· The European ADHD Guideline Group recently developed a guideline for managing ADHD during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. |
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- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Updates in neonatal resuscitation: routine use of laryngeal masks as an alternative to face masks
(138 times)
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Eun Song Song, Ga Won Jeon
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(5):240-246. Published online July 11, 2023
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In neonatal resuscitation:
· Laryngeal masks are recommended when endotracheal intubation or positive-pressure ventilation fails.
· Laryngeal masks are useful even during chest compressions.
· Laryngeal masks aid neonates >34 weeks’ gestation and/or with a birth weight >2 kg.
· Main usage barriers include limited experience (81%), preference for endotracheal tubes (57%), and lack of awareness (56%).
· Second-generation laryngeal masks have a built-in esophageal drainage tube that prevents regurgitation into the glottis, and an orogastric tube can be inserted within the esophageal drainage tube to protect against gastric inflation. |
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- Endocrinology
- Growth plate closure and therapeutic interventions
(135 times)
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Ja Hyang Cho, Hae Woon Jung, Kye Shik Shim
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(11):553-559. Published online October 28, 2024
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Height gains result from longitudinal bone growth. Upon adequate growth, growth plate closure limits longitudinal bone growth. To date, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, aromatase inhibitors, C-type natriuretic peptide analogs, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 inhibitors have been studied or used as therapeutic interventions to delay growth plate closure and increase human height. The development of more effective therapeutic modalities for short stature, precocious puberty, and skeletal dysplasia is anticipated. |
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- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Neonatal family-centered care: evidence and practice models
(129 times)
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Juyoung Lee
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(4):171-177. Published online June 14, 2023
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· Concrete evidence exists of early parent-infant attachment supported by family-centered care (FCC) in the neonatal intensive care unit.
· FCC involves the parents’ presence and participation in the infant’s care and decision-making.
· A private and comfortable space should be provided. A single-family room is ideal; however, a quiet space with a recliner can be a good alternative.
· Care culture changes and staff training are required. |
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- Original Article
- Neurology
- Long-term outcome in children with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome: a multicenter retrospective study in Korea
(124 times)
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Sun Ah Choi, Minhye Kim, Hye Jin Kim, Woo Joong Kim, Byung Chan Lim, Ji Yeon Han, Hunmin Kim, Min-Jee Kim, Mi-Sun Yum, Jiwon Lee, Jeehun Lee, Hyewon Woo, Jon Soo Kim
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(5):386-393. Published online February 19, 2026
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Question: How have epilepsy and cognitive outcomes of children with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) evolved over the past 20 years?
Finding: Approximately 78% of children developed chronic epilepsy, and one-third progressed to drug-resistant epilepsy, while 90% of them exhibited intellectual disabilities.
Meaning: Given the poor outcomes associated with IESS, consensus guidelines tailored to Korean clinical practice are required to ensure timely treatment and improve outcomes. |
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- Pulmonology
- Efficacies of different treatment strategies for infants hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis
(123 times)
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Hyeri Jeong, Dawon Park, Eun Kyo Ha, Ju Hee Kim, Jeewon Shin, Hey-Sung Baek, Hyunsoo Hwang, Youn Ho Shin, Hye Mi Jee, Man Yong Han
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(11):608-618. Published online October 28, 2024
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· This study analyzed 45 randomized controlled trials (5,061 participants, 13 interventions) of the comparative efficacies of treatments for acute bronchiolitis in infants.
· Inhalation therapy with epinephrine and hypertonic saline significantly reduced the length of hospital stay compared with normal saline.
· Hypertonic saline had the greatest ability to improve the clinical severity score of bronchiolitis in infants younger than 2 years of age. |
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- Review Article
- Other
- Artificial intelligence in pediatric healthcare: current applications, potential, and implementation considerations
(120 times)
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Taejin Park, In-Hee Lee, Seung Wook Lee, Sek Won Kong
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(9):641-651. Published online June 25, 2025
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Artificial intelligence (AI) offers potential benefits in pediatric care, but its real-world adoption requires clinician literacy, ethical and legal safeguards, and cautious implementation. Large language models are emerging across healthcare, but their use in pediatric clinical practice remains premature. Thus, the cautious and accountable implementation of AI is crucial to preventing unintended harm and realizing its potential. |
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- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Need for national guidance regarding proactive care of infants born at 22–23 weeks' gestation
(118 times)
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Ga Won Jeon
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):53-61. Published online November 13, 2024
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With advancements in neonatal intensive care, the limit of viability has shifted to 22–23 weeks' gestation, whose survival rates vary across countries and institutions. These rates are not static and can be improved through the proactive and centralized care guided by national protocols, including maternal transfer to high-activity regions with better neonatal intensive care practices before delivery. |
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- Nutrition
- Dietary fiber in pediatric gastrointestinal health: a narrative review of evidence and challenges
(118 times)
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Rohit Das, Bipashna Thatal, Buddhiman Tamang
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(6):456-472. Published online May 27, 2026
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Dietary fiber plays a critical role in pediatric gastrointestinal health by modulating gut microbiota, improving bowel function, and supporting immune development. Evidence consistently supports its benefit in functional constipation, while effects on abdominal pain, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome remain variable due to differences in fiber type, dosage, and study design. Clinically, fiber should be used as an adjunct therapy within individualized dietary and behavioral management strategies for children. |
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- Other
- Myopia: a review of current concepts, association with nonophthalmological conditions, and treatment strategy in children and adolescents
(108 times)
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Yeon Woong Chung
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(8):554-565. Published online April 1, 2025
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Myopia is a major ophthalmological disorder with increasing prevalence worldwide, particularly in East Asia. Evidence indicates that its development involves complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Body stature, sleep patterns, and nutritional status significantly influence the progression of myopia during childhood and adolescence. Its treatment and prevention strategies include optical correction, atropine therapy, increased outdoor activity, decreased near work, and regular retinal monitoring. |
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- Gastroenterology
- Sarcopenia in pediatric gastroenterology and hepatology: an updated review
(102 times)
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Toshifumi Yodoshi
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(5):366-383. Published online April 27, 2026
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Pediatric sarcopenia is common in chronic gastrointestinal and liver diseases, often hidden by normal body mass index or obesity, and predicts worse outcomes. Because growth and puberty alter body composition, assessment should use age- and sex-specific measures of muscle mass and, when feasible, function. Early multidisciplinary intervention—protein-adequate nutrition, resistance-based activity, and disease control—may improve prognosis. |
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- Allergy
- Global burden of asthma among children and adolescents with projections to 2050: a comprehensive review and forecasted modeling study
(99 times)
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Tae Hyeon Kim, Hyunjee Kim, Jiyeon Oh, Soeun Kim, Michael Miligkos, Dong Keon Yon, Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(5):329-343. Published online April 22, 2025
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Pediatric asthma can persist to adulthood and must be effectively managed. This review examined the prevalence of asthma among individuals younger than 20 years and revealed a decline from 1990 to 2021, higher rates in males, and a peak in children aged 5–9 years. Despite a projected continued decrease in prevalence by 2050, asthma will remain a significant health concern for children and adolescents. |
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- Hematology
- Outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for pediatric patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia in Thailand
(96 times)
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Kleebsabai Sanpakit, Kamala Laohverapanich, Bunchoo Pongtanakul, Nattee Narkbunnam, Chayamon Takpradit, Usanarat Anurathapan, Samart Pakakasama, Supanun Lauhasurayotin, Kanhatai Chiengthong, Thirachit Chotsampancharoen, Pornpun Sripornsawan, Piya Rujkijyanont, Duantida Songdej, Nongnuch Sirachainan, Suradej Hongeng
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(4):340-352. Published online March 13, 2026
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Question: Can hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) cure pediatric transfusion-dependent thalassemia in Thailand? What influences its outcomes?
Finding: Among 266 HSCT procedures, 5-year overall survival and event-free survival rates were 91.3% and 81.0%, respectively. Outcomes were comparable between related and unrelated donors. Pre-HSCT ferritin >2,500 ng/mL, low CD34+ cell dose, and oral busulfan conditioning were associated with unfavorable survival. Longterm complications affected 22.7% of survivors.
Meaning: Optimizing pre-HSCT care, ensuring adequate grafting, and long-term surveillance are crucial. |
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- Endocrinology
- Intramuscular and subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist tests for central precocious puberty in girls: a randomized controlled trial
(88 times)
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Worapimon Lerdrassameethad, Suttipong Wacharasindhu, Vichit Supornsilchai, Khomsak Srilanchakon
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(6):518-523. Published online April 15, 2026
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Question: Did the intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists have comparable timing and diagnostic utility for evaluating central precocious puberty in girls?
Finding: Both the IM and SC GnRH stimulation tests demonstrated comparable times to peak luteinizing hormone levels.
Meaning: Clinicians may consider the IM route as a time-efficient alternative, as it offers similar diagnostic utility for central precocious puberty without compromising the detection of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activation. |
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- Review Article
- Genetics and Metabolism
- Development of orphan drugs for rare diseases
(86 times)
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Han-Wook Yoo
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(7):315-327. Published online June 28, 2023
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· Orphan disease is a rare disease, primarily affecting newborn and children. Vast majority of orphan diseases has genetic background.
· Orphan disease is individually rare. But as a whole, it is not rare, becoming a great socioeconomic burden.
· The diagnosis of rare genetic disease has been problematic, but recent progress of genome analysis technologies makes it faster and more precise.
· There are many unmet needs as to the curative treatment. However, the number of treatable rare diseases is growingly increasing owing to the development of biotechnology.
· Most orphan drugs are extremely expensive because of numer ous hurdles during the process of drug development as well as small number of patients. |
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