Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Original Article

Endocrinology

Prednisolone impairs trabecular bone score changes in adolescents with 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Pattara Wiromrat, Yutapong Raruenrom, Phanpaphorn Namphaisan, Nantaporn Wongsurawat, Ouyporn Panamonta, Chatlert Pongchaiyakul

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(3):238-246. Published online November 13, 2024

Crossref 1

Question: What is the prevalence of an impaired trabecular bone score (TBS), a measure of bone microarchitecture, in adolescents with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD)? Do prednisolone and hydrocortisone affect TBS differently in this patient population?
Finding: Impaired TBS was observed in 18% of participants. Prednisolone use negatively impacted TBS change.
Meaning: Impaired TBS is prevalent among adolescents with 21OHD. Prednisolone impairs trabecular bone microarchitecture development.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01060

Review Article

Endocrinology

Hidden link between endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pediatric obesity

Min Won Shin, Shin-Hye Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(3):199-222. Published online November 28, 2024

Studies indicate potential connections between exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and childhood obesity. Variations in the impact of EDCs in epidemiological studies may result from differences in exposure concentrations and timing, measurement methods, and interactive effects of multiple EDCs. Longitudinal studies on exposure to multiple EDCs are crucial to elucidating their contribution to pediatric obesity and minimize the adverse health consequences of EDC exposure.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00556

Original Article

Endocrinology

Efficacy of leuprolide acetate versus triptorelin pamoate administered every 3 months for treatment of central precocious puberty

Thanaporn Thaneetrakool, Suphab Aroonparkmongkol, Nattakarn Numsriskulrat, Vichit Supornsilchai, Suttipong Wacharasindhu, Khomsak Srilanchakon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):91-96. Published online November 6, 2024

Question: What are the differences in efficacy between leuprolide acetate and triptorelin pamoate administered every 3 months for the treatment of central precocious puberty (CPP)?
Finding: There were no significant intergroup differences in luteinizing hormone suppression or predicted adult height at the end of treatment in girls with CPP.
Meaning: Leuprolide acetate and triptorelin pamoate have comparable efficacy for treating CPP.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00822

Review Article

Endocrinology

A review of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in endocrine-related disorders

Nur Faten Hafizah Rosli, Noor Shafina Mohd Nor, Rose Adzrianee Adnan, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):30-52. Published online November 6, 2024

Crossref 1

· The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high among children and adolescents and mainly attributed to changes in environmental factors.
· Vitamin D hormone-like properties are associated with many endocrine-related disorders.
· The effect of vitamin D is modulated by the vitamin D receptor, polymorphisms of which are reportedly associated with an increased risk of disease development in children and adolescents.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00227

Lifelong medical challenges and immunogenetics of Turner syndrome

Won Kyoung Cho

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(11):560-568. Published online July 31, 2024

Web of Science 3 Crossref 3

· This summary emphasizes the importance of the early diagnosis of Turner syndrome (TS) and presents a multidisciplinary approach to its prevention and management, high-lighting the need for customized care.
· Advancements in immunogenetic research may improve our understanding of TS and improve its outcomes.
· TS encompasses a wide array of medical challenges, including cardiovascular, endocrine, autoimmune, and mental health issues, as well as a heightened cancer risk.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00430

Growth plate closure and therapeutic interventions

Ja Hyang Cho, Hae Woon Jung, Kye Shik Shim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(11):553-559. Published online October 28, 2024

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Height gains result from longitudinal bone growth. Upon adequate growth, growth plate closure limits longitudinal bone growth. To date, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, aromatase inhibitors, C-type natriuretic peptide analogs, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 inhibitors have been studied or used as therapeutic interventions to delay growth plate closure and increase human height. The development of more effective therapeutic modalities for short stature, precocious puberty, and skeletal dysplasia is anticipated.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00346

Two- versus one-bag fluid delivery in pediatric and adolescent diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Maya L. Nasser, Joseph Nasr, Reem B. Zalloum, Nathanael Q.E. Yap, Natalie E. Bourdakos, Shahid Miangul, Tara A. Betts, Hayato Nakanishi, Christian A. Than, Serge Jabbour

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(10):486-497. Published online June 27, 2024

· The safety and efficacy of the two-bag versus one-bag system for treating patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) < 21 years remains unestablished.
· Our meta-analysis demonstrated similar safety outcomes but sooner DKA resolution and shorter mean response time for intravenous fluid changes for the two-bag system.
· This preliminary evidence suggests that the two-bag system has some advantages in efficacy, but further studies are needed to evaluate their extent.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01536

Association between pre- and postnatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and birth and neurodevelopmental outcomes: an extensive review

Ozge Yesildemir, Mensure Nur Celik

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(7):328-346. Published online November 16, 2023

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

· Sensitivity to endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) exposure increases during critical developmental periods (in embryos, fetuses, and neonates).
· Pre- and postnatal exposure to EDCs is associated with fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and low birth weight.
· Exposure to EDCs during fetal and early postnatal life can have lasting and lifelong neurodevelopmental outcomes, including autism spectrum, attention deficit hyperactivity, and other cognitive and behavioral disorders.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00941

Original Article

Endocrinology

Kisspeptin and DLK1 levels for monitoring treatment of girls with central precocious puberty

Witchuwan Onsoi, Nattakarn Numsriskulrat, Suphab Aroonparkmongkol, Vichit Supornsilchai, Khomsak Srilanchakon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(6):296-302. Published online May 21, 2024

Web of Science 4 Crossref 4

Questions: Can the serum levels of kisspeptin and DLK1 be potential biomarkers for monitoring the treatments for central precocious puberty (CPP)?
Findings: There were no significant differences in the baseline serum kisspeptin and DLK1 levels in CPP girls compared to girls with premature thelarche (PT). After 6 months of GnRH analogue treatment in CPP girls, median serum kisspeptin levels decreased, while median serum DLK1 levels increased compared to baseline.
Meanings: Serum levels of kisspeptin and DLK1 may serve as novel biomarkers for monitoring the efficacy of treatments for CPP.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01361

Editorial

Endocrinology

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents

Hae Sang Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):90-91. Published online January 24, 2024

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

· With the increase in childhood obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a concern in recent years.
· NAFLD is strongly associated with insulin resistance.
· Lifestyle modifications are the mainstay treatment for NAFLD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00752

Review Article

Endocrinology

Applications of genomic research in pediatric endocrine diseases

Ja Hye Kim, Jin-Ho Choi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(12):520-530. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

· Recent advances in molecular genetics have improved our understanding of pediatric endocrine disorders and are now used in mainstream medical practice.
· Genome-wide association studies can increase our understanding of the biological mechanisms of disease and inform new therapeutic options.
· The identification of founder mutations leads to the efficient localization of the genes underlying Mendelian disorders.
· Next-generation sequencing technologies benefit clinical practice and research of pediatric endocrinology.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00948

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in children

Kyungchul Song, Ho-Seong Kim, Hyun Wook Chae

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(12):512-519. Published online January 9, 2023

Web of Science 16 Crossref 18

· The prevalence of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increased from 8.2% in 2009 to 12.1% in 2018 in Korea.
· Laboratory tests, biomarkers, and imaging studies are used for the early detection of NAFLD.
· Insulin resistance is closely related to NAFLD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01312

Letter to the Editor

Endocrinology

Accuracy of predicted adult height using the Greulich-Pyle method and artificial intelligence medical device

Dongho Cho, Yun Sun Choi, Hayun Oh, Young min Ahn, Ji-Young Seo

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(3):145-147. Published online January 25, 2023

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01116

Clinical Note

Endocrinology

Graves’ disease: an uncommon cause of late sequelae following DRESS (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms)

Therdpong Tempark, Amatanun Tangthanapalakul, Tawatchai Deekajorndech, Susheera Chatproedprai, Vichit Supornsilchai, Siriwan Wananukul

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(12):602-604. Published online June 22, 2022

Web of Science 2 Crossref 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00381

Editorial

Endocrinology

Bisphenol A leaching from polycarbonate baby bottles into baby food causes potential health issues

Ga Won Jeon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(9):450-452. Published online July 25, 2022

Web of Science 9 Crossref 10

Can bisphenol A (BPA) leach out from polycarbonate baby bottles into baby food? BPA and other toxic materials can leach out from baby bottles and increase the risk of various health problems, including endocrine disturbances. Although the use of BPA in baby bottles has been banned, many developing countries still use it, which can cause health issues. Thus, public awareness of this issue is required.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00661

Original Article

Endocrinology

Effects of probiotics combined with dietary and lifestyle modification on clinical, biochemical, and radiological parameters in obese children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized clinical trial

Thushara Rodrigo, Samaranayake Dulani, Sumudu Nimali Seneviratne, Arjuna P. De Silva, Jerad Fernando, H. Janaka De Silva, Jayasekera , V. Pujitha Wickramasinghe

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(6):304-311. Published online November 11, 2021

Web of Science 22 Crossref 23

Question: Could probiotics be used as a therapeutic modality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?
Finding: There seem no added advantages over lifestyle modifications compared to Probiotics.
Meaning: There does not seem to be an advantage of probiotics over lifestyle modifications in improving obesity-associated metabolic derangement in children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00787

Editorial

Endocrinology

Low bone mineral density can occur in children after shortterm systemic glucocorticoid treatment

Moon Bae Ahn

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(6):300-301. Published online April 27, 2022

Osteoporosis diagnosed in children with chronic diseases is a major endocrine complication triggered by the disease itself or its treatment. Although age upon starting osteotoxic agents and the their duration of use are vital contributors, spontaneous recovery of bone mass following treatment completion is a privilege of this specific age group. For any patients short-term glucocorticoid therapy, bone health screening is the next step.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01599

Review Article

Endocrinology

Pediatric hypertension based on Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines (JSH 2019) with actual school blood pressure screening data in Japan

Toru Kikuchi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(6):283-290. Published online November 26, 2021

Web of Science 4 Crossref 5

The prevalence of Japanese pediatric hypertension is 0.9% based on proper measurement protocols. Hypertensive children tend to be hypertensive adults. Pediatric essential hypertension is characterized by an absence of symptoms, obesity, a family history of hypertension, and a low birth weight. The most common causes of pediatric secondary hypertension are renal parenchymal and renovascular diseases. Important factors controlling pediatric hypertension include healthy lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00920

Editorial

Endocrinology

Is type 1 diabetes related to coronavirus disease 2019 in children?

Minsun Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):252-253. Published online March 29, 2022

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

· Evidence shows that patients with type 1 diabetes have been severely affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in various ways.
· Although there is no reliable evidence that COVID-19 worsens or induces diabetes, it can impair β-cell insulin secretion and glucose control by inducing inflammation and cytokine production.
· A study is needed of the short- and long-term relationship between diabetes and COVID-19 in the Korean pediatric population.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01760

Review Article

Endocrinology

Genetic factors in precocious puberty

Young Suk Shim, Hae Sang Lee, Jin Soon Hwang

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):172-181. Published online October 18, 2021

Web of Science 19 Crossref 25

· Mutations in the kisspeptin (KISS1), kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R), makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3), and delta-like homolog 1 (DLK1) genes are associated with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP).
· A few genes related to pubertal onset have been implicated in ICPP.
· Epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and noncoding ribonucleic acids may be related to ICPP

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00521

Editorial

Endocrinology

Clinical and diagnostic importance of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic

Eun Young Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):129-130. Published online January 14, 2022

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

∙ Because childhood lipid concentrations continue into adulthood, early evaluation and treatment are needed, but dyslipidemia awareness is low.
∙ For the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia in childhood and adolescence, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease in adulthood, lifestyle modifications, appropriate exercise, and drug treatment are required.
∙ A large-scale study of the prevalence and therapeutic effects of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents in Korea is needed.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01851

Original Article

Endocrinology

Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a meta-analysis

Azam Maleki, Saeid Bashirian, Ali Reza Soltanian, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Abdollah Farhadinasab

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(2):85-89. Published online April 15, 2021

Web of Science 6 Crossref 7

Question: Have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) increased risk of having an offspring with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Finding: Six articles (3 cohort and 3 case-control studies; 401,413 total ADHD cases) met the study criteria. Maternal PCOS was associated with an increased risk of ADHD in the offspring based on odds ratio (OR) and relative ratio (RR) (OR, 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–1.57) and (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.35–1.51), respectively.
Meaning: Our study showed that maternal PCOS is a risk factor for ADHD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00178

Editorial

Endocrinology

Pediatricians must consider familial environment when diagnosing and managing childhood obesity

Young Suk Shim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(1):31-32. Published online April 19, 2021

•The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide, including in the Republic of Korea, creating a major public healthissue.
•Accumulated evidence indicates a strong relationship between parentalandchildobesity.
•A family-based approach is indicated to prevent and manage childhoodandadultobesity.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00318

Pediatric obesity: life cycle approach of pediatrician and society

Yong Hee Hong

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(1):29-30. Published online December 28, 2021

Web of Science 4 Crossref 5

• With the emerging epidemic of pediatric obesity, many endocrine comorbidities classically seen in adulthood are surfacing much earlier in life.
• Appropriate obesity counseling and education should be provided from infancy to adolescence.
• Managing pediatric obesity may require school and society involvement.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01536

Review Article

Endocrinology

Endocrine comorbidities of pediatric obesity

Jieun Lee, Jae Hyun Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(12):619-627. Published online August 26, 2021

Web of Science 16 Crossref 18

∙ Pediatric obesity can involve endocrine comorbidities such as prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, and central precocious puberty.
∙ Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in youth aged 10–19 years had a prevalence of 25.9% and 0.6% in 2013–2014, respectively.
∙ Dyslipidemia in Korean adolescents aged 10–18 years had a prevalence of 7.64% (total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL), 6.09% (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥130 mg/dL), 8.69% (triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL), and 12.52% (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≤40 mg/dL) in 2007–2018.
∙ Metabolic syndrome in Korean youth has a prevalence of 1.9%–14.7% in males and 1.7%–12.6% in females with wide variation in definitions.
∙ Appropriate comorbidity screening and management and/or specialist referral are necessary for obese children and adolescents.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00213

Original Article

Endocrinology

Correlation between total air pollutant emissions and incidence of type 1 diabetes in the Russian Federation

Hoon Sung Choi, Jin Taek Kim, Ji-Young Seo, Faina Linkov, Evgeniy Shubnikov, Hong Kyu Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(10):525-530. Published online January 18, 2021

Web of Science 4 Crossref 4

Question: Is there a quantitative relationship between air pollutant emissions and the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D)?
Finding: The incidence of T1D in each region of the Russian Federation correlated with the total air pollutants emitted each year.
Meaning: These findings suggest that air pollution contributes to the development of T1D.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01501

Editorial

Endocrinology

Ambient air pollution and pediatric diabetes

Jae Hyun Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(10):523-534. Published online March 12, 2021

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

· Epidemiological studies have shown that ambient air pollution is associated with diabetes mellitus in children and adults.
· The mechanism of ambient air pollution causing diabetes mellitus is unclear.
· A study of the association between diabetes and air pollution in Korean pediatric populations is required.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00122

Review Article

Endocrinology

Early menarche and its consequence in Korean female: reducing fructose intake could be one solution

Ji Hyun Kim, Jung Sub Lim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(1):12-20. Published online May 14, 2020

Web of Science 12 Crossref 10

In Korea, the average age of menarche has declined sharply. Early menarche is associated with psychosocial and behavioral problems and cardiometabolic disease. Excess fructose intake has been suggested as one cause of early menarche in recent studies, so reducing fructose intake may be one solution.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.00353

Guideline

Endocrinology

2017 Clinical practice guidelines for dyslipidemia of Korean children and adolescents

Jung Sub Lim, Eun Young Kim, Jae Hyun Kim, Jae-Ho Yoo, Kyung Hee Yi, Hyun Wook Chae, Jin-Ho Choi, Ji Young Kim, Il Tae Hwang; the Committee of Dyslipidemia of Korean Children and Adolescents on behalf of Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology (KSPE)

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(12):454-462. Published online November 25, 2020

Web of Science 9 Crossref 10

Question: How are children and adolescents with dyslipidemia treated and managed in Korea?
Finding: 2017 guidelines recommend to measure nonfasting non-HDL-C as a screening test and introduce new diet methods: Cardiovascular Health Integrated Lifestyle Diet (CHILD)-1, CHILD-2-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and CHILD-2-triglyceride. Statin is the only drug approved in children older than 10 years.
Meaning: New clinical practice guidelines for treating and managing dyslipidemia of Korean children and adolescents are provided.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01340

Original Article

Endocrinology

Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody in the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children

Nur Rochmah, Muhammad Faizi, Siti Wahyu Windarti

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(10):402-405. Published online October 6, 2020

Web of Science 8 Crossref 10

Question: Can zinc transporter 8 autoantibody (ZnT8A) be used for diagnosing type 1 diabetes (T1D)?
Finding: Twenty-two of 30 subjects with type 1 diabetes (73.3 %) were positive for ZnT8A compared to 5 of 18 controls (27.8%).
Meaning: ZnT8A has potential for clinical applications in the diagnosis of T1D.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01221

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