Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Original Article

Intramuscular and subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist tests for central precocious puberty in girls: a randomized controlled trial

Worapimon Lerdrassameethad, Suttipong Wacharasindhu, Vichit Supornsilchai, Khomsak Srilanchakon

Background: Central precocious puberty (CPP) results from premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Although the standard intravenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test is often inaccessible, a subcutaneous (SC) GnRH analogue (GnRHa) test is used. However, the conventional SC route presents logistical challenges including prolonged observation times and the need for multiple blood draws. Thus, identifying a more efficient administration route...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.00052 [Accepted]

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Review Article

Endocrinology

Pubertal induction in prepubertal males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: testosterone or gonadotropins?

Paolo Cavarzere, Riccardo Battiston, Valentina Lupieri, Valentina Mancioppi, Claudio Maffeis

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):1-10. Published online December 18, 2025

The pubertal induction process in males still poses a challenge for pediatric endocrinologists. The existing literature is limited, and it is not yet possible to make definitive recommendations. We described the various treatment for this condition and tried to analyze the unresolved questions to address the question posed in the title of our manuscript.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.02355

Original Article

Excess of leptin inhibits hypothalamic KiSS-1 expression in pubertal mice

Sung Yeon Ahn, Sei Won Yang, Hee Jae Lee, Jong Seon Byun, Ji Yeon Om, Choong Ho Shin

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(9):337-343. Published online September 14, 2012

Crossref 8

Purpose

Leptin has been considered a link between metabolic state and reproductive activity. Defective reproductive function can occur in leptin-deficient and leptin-excessive conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of centrally injected leptin on the hypothalamic KiSS-1 system in relation to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) action in the initial stage of puberty.

Methods

Leptin (1 µg) was injected directly into...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2012.55.9.337

A Study on Hormonal Change of Lh, FSH, and Testosterone and Testicular Volumes in Pubertal Mal Children.

Heung Dong Kim, Duk Hi Kim, Ki Keun Oh

Clin Exp Pediatr. 1986;29(9):979-987. Published online September 30, 1986

The mechanism involved in pubertal changes has not been clearly demonstrated, but evidence has been accumulated that hormonal changes are responsible for this pubertal changes. We studied the height, weight, testicular volume, bone age, LH, FSH, and testosterone, "by Tanner stage of pubic hair development in 134 pubertal male children with no previous endocrine disease, who admitted at Yonsei University Medical...

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