1. Blum RH, McGowan FX Jr. Chronic upper airway obstruction and cardiac dysfunction: anatomy, pathophysiology and anesthetic implications. Paediatr Anaesth 2004;14:75–83.
2. Brown OE, Manning SC, Ridenour B. Cor pulmonale secondary to tonsillar and adenoidal hypertrophy: management considerations. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1988;16:131–139.
3. Duman D, Naiboglu B, Esen HS, Toros SZ, Demirtunc R. Impaired right ventricular function in adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;24:261–267.
4. Guilleminault C, Huang YS, Glamann C, Li K, Chan A. Adenotonsillectomy and obstructive sleep apnea in children: a prospective survey. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;136:169–175.
5. Krittayaphong R, Boonyasirinant T, Saiviroonporn P, Udompunturak S. NT-proBNP levels in the evaluation of right ventricular dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease and abnormal left ventricular wall motion: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Coron Artery Dis 2008;19:481–487.
6. Blyth KG, Groenning BA, Mark PB, Martin TN, Foster JE, Steedman T, et al. NT-proBNP can be used to detect right ventricular systolic dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2007;29:737–744.
7. Oran B, Ozturk K, Cimen D, Vatansev H, Bulut S, Arslan D. Release of NT-pro brain natriuretic peptide in children before and after adenotonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013;77:666–669.
8. Cohen D, Konak S. The evaluation of radiographs of the nasopharynx. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1985;10:73–78.
9. Brodsky L. Modern assessment of tonsils and adenoids. Pediatr Clin North Am 1989;36:1551–1569.
10. Chung F, Yegneswaran B, Liao P, Chung SA, Vairavanathan S, Islam S, et al. STOP questionnaire: a tool to screen patients for obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2008;108:812–821.
11. Tei C. New non-invasive index for combined systolic and diastolic ventricular function. J Cardiol 1995;26:135–136.
12. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010;23:685–713.
13. Koestenberger M, Ravekes W, Everett AD, Stueger HP, Heinzl B, Gamillscheg A, et al. Right ventricular function in infants, children and adolescents: reference values of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in 640 healthy patients and calculation of z score values. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:715–719.
14. Tei C, Dujardin KS, Hodge DO, Bailey KR, McGoon MD, Tajik AJ, et al. Doppler echocardiographic index for assessment of global right ventricular function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1996;9:838–847.
15. Nir A, Lindinger A, Rauh M, Bar-Oz B, Laer S, Schwachtgen L, et al. NT-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in infants and children: reference values based on combined data from four studies. Pediatr Cardiol 2009;30:3–8.
16. Tatlıpınar A, Biteker M, Meric K, Bayraktar GI, Tekkesin AI, Gokceer T. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy: correlation between obstruction types and cardiopulmonary complications. Laryngoscope 2012;122:676–680.
18. Tasali E, Leproult R, Spiegel K. Reduced sleep duration or quality: relationships with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2009;51:381–391.
19. Kang KT, Lee PL, Weng WC, Hsu WC. Body weight status and obstructive sleep apnea in children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012;36:920–924.
21. Kocabas A, Salman N, Ekici F, Cetin I, Akcan FA. Evaluation of cardiac functions and atrial electromechanical delay in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Pediatr Cardiol 2014;35:785–792.
22. Goldbart AD, Levitas A, Greenberg-Dotan S, Ben Shimol S, Broides A, Puterman M, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiovascular function in young children with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 2010;138:528–535.
23. Weber SA, Montovani JC, Matsubara B, Fioretto JR. Echocardiographic abnormalities in children with obstructive breathing disorders during sleep. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2007;83:518–522.
24. Cayler GG, Johnson EE, Lewis BE, Kortzeborn JD, Jordan J, Fricker GA. Heart failure due to enlarged tonsils and adenoids. The cardiorespiratory syndrome of increased airway resistance. Am J Dis Child 1969;118:708–717.
25. Sie KC, Perkins JA, Clarke WR. Acute right heart failure due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1997;41:53–58.
26. Phillips B. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease. Sleep Med Rev 2005;9:131–140.
27. Steiner S, Strauer BE. Functional dynamics of the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation in obstructive sleep apnea Therapeutic consequences. Internist (Berl) 2004;45:1101–1107.
28. Verrier RL, Harper RM, Hobson JA. Cardiovascular physiology: central and autonomic regulation. Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000;:179–191.
29. Yilmaz MD, Onrat E, Altuntas A, Kaya D, Kahveci OK, Ozel O, et al. The effects of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on pulmonary arterial pressure in children. Am J Otolaryngol 2005;26:18–21.
30. Gerur K, Doven O, Unal M, Akkus N, Ozcan C. Preoperative and postoperative cardiac and clinical findings of patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2001;59:41–46.
31. Jabbari Moghaddam Y, Bavil SG, Abavisani K. Do pre-adenotonsillectomy echocardiographic findings change postoperatively in children with severe adenotonsillar hypertrophy. J Saudi Heart Assoc 2011;23:31–35.
32. Miman MC, Kirazli T, Ozyurek R. Doppler echocardiography in adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2000;54:21–26.
33. Sahin M, Portakal O, Karagoz T, Hascelik G, Ozkutlu S. Diagnostic performance of BNP and NT-ProBNP measurements in children with heart failure based on congenital heart defects and cardiomyopathies. Clin Biochem 2010;43:1278–1281.
34. Schoen SP, Zimmermann T, Kittner T, Braun MU, Fuhrmann J, Schmeisser A, et al. NT-proBNP correlates with right heart haemodynamic parameters and volumes in patients with atrial septal defects. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:660–666.
35. Pietrzak R, Werner B. Usefulness of NT-proBNP in assessment of right ventricular function in children after tetralogy of Fallot correction: a preliminary study. Kardiol Pol 2009;67:378–383.