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Review Article

Genetics and pathophysiology of syndromic versus nonsyndromic primary vesicoureteral reflux: an update

Špela Stangler Herodež, Danijela Krgović, Mirjam Močnik, Nataša Marčun Varda, Ivana Trutin, Tamara Nikuševa Marti&

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), among the most common urinary tract anomalies in children, can lead to long-term sequelae. The hereditary nature of VUR has long been known. Syndromic VUR is one of numerous congenital syndromes associated with specific disrupted genes and related anomalies extending beyond kidney manifestations. However, its occurrence is rare, and isolated nonsyndromic primary VUR is much more common. Recent improvements in genetic testing have enabled the...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2026.01788 [Accepted]

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