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Review Article
Epilepsy in various metabolic disorders
Young-Mock Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(12):1290-1294.   Published online December 15, 2008
Seizures are a frequent symptom in metabolic disorders, although metabolic disorders are rarely found to be the cause of epilepsy. A precise diagnosis might not only influence treatment, but it might also call for counseling of the family, even if there are no direct therapeutic consequences. We review the main characteristics of epilepsy in metabolic disorders with regard to energy...
Original Article
Polymorphisms of interleukin-1β promoter in simple febrile seizures
Jang Won Yoon, Eun Jung Choen, Young Hyuk Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(9):1007-1011.   Published online September 15, 2008
Purpose : Febrile seizure (FS) is the most common type of seizure. The role of genetic factors in FSs has long been recognized. A positive family history can be elicited in 25-40% of patients with FSs; nonetheless, the genes responsible for FSs in the majority of the population remain unknown. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that acts as an...
Clinical review of acute seizures among children who visited the emergency room in Masan Samsung hospital from 2004 to 2006
Won Deok Lee, Jae Wook Yoo, Ju Suk Lee, Jun Hwa Lee, Kyung Lae Cho
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(4):420-425.   Published online April 15, 2008
Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate acute childhood seizures, one of the most important causes of emergency room visits, to provide appropriate medical services. Methods : We reviewed the medical records of 433 (4.6%) pediatric patients with acute seizures that visited the emergency room at Masan Samsung hospital from 2004 to 2006. Results : The male to...
Risk Factors of Unprovoked Seizures after Acute Symptomatic Seizures in Children
Eun Ju Lee, Won Seop Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(11):1097-1103.   Published online November 15, 2007
Purpose : Acute symptomatic seizure is defined as a temporary seizure together with acute systemic, metabolic, or toxic insult in association with an acute central nervous system insult. And unprovoked seizure is defined as seizure without provocating factors. We studied the risk factors of unprovoked seizures after acute symptomatic seizure in children. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the records of...
Clinical and Radiological Analysis of Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome in Children
Hae-Ri Lim, Hye-Eun Seo, Sun-Hak Kwon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(9):901-904.   Published online September 15, 2007
Purpose : Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is a complex disorder with characteristic clinical and radiologic findings that mainly involve the white/gray matter of the parieto-occipital lobes. The purpose of this study was to determine its clinical and radiological characteristics. Methods : A total of 15 pateints were involved in the study. Their medical records and radiological features of brain MRI were...
Review Article
Non-epileptic paroxysmal events during sleep - Differentiation from epileptic seizures -
In Kyu Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(8):726-731.   Published online August 15, 2007
This review describes the wide spectrum of paroxysmal events during sleep in infancy and childhood. The differential diagnosis between sleep-related non-epileptic paroxysmal events and epileptic seizures is difficult in special occasions. The nocturnal frontal lobe seizure and of the more common non- epileptic paroxysmal events during sleep are described. The main differentiating features characterizing parasomnias are: onset in early...
Original Article
A comparison of provoked seizures and febrile seizures associated with minor infections
Eun-Ju Lee, Won Seop Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(4):376-380.   Published online April 15, 2007
Purpose : Febrile seizures occur in childhood associated with a febrile illness not caused by infections of the central nervous system. Provoked seizures are identified with seizures in association with infections that do not usually affect the brain such as gastroenteritis, except criteria for other febrile seizures in this study. We studied seizures provoked by minor extracranial infections, to contrast...
Genotype of rotavirus isolated from patients with rotaviral enteritis and neurological complications
Jae Hyung Choi, Jung Mi Kim, Yong Joo Kim, Jae Won Oh, Chang Lyul Kim, Myung Kul Yum, In Joon Sul, Jung Oak Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(5):513-518.   Published online May 15, 2006
Purpose : This study was undertaken to determine the differences in genotypes of rotavirus and their incidence between patients with acute rotaviral enteritis who suffered neurologic complications and those who did not suffer neurologic complications. Methods : Among the 82 patients with rotaviral enteritis whose genotype was analyzed, 71 patients were not associated with neurologic complications(neurology(－) group), and eleven patients were...
Case Report
A case of Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome in Korea
Jun Hwa Lee, Zee Ihn Lee, Ho Kyun Kim, Soon Hak Kwon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(2):208-211.   Published online February 15, 2006
Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome (DDMS) is a rare condition characterized by asymmetry of cerebral hemispheric growth with atrophy on one side, ipsilateral compensatory osseous hypertrophy, and contralateral hemiparesis. We experienced a 17 month-old male who presented with left focal clonic or tonic-clonic seizures accompanied by left hemiparesis and developmental delay. Brain MRIs demonstrated progressive atrophy of the right cerebral hemisphere with dilatation...
Original Article
Clinical Characteristics of Neonatal Status Epilepticus
Kyeong Hun Jung, Yun Hee Kim, Young Se Kwon, Yong Hoon Jun, Soon Ki Kim, Byong Kwan Son
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(12):1342-1347.   Published online December 15, 2005
Purpose : Among perinatal risk factors, neonatal seizures are one of the strongest independent discriminators of adverse outcome, representing high risks of mortality and neurologic morbidity. This study was undertaken to evaluate the neurologic outcome of neonatal status epilepticus according to underlying etiology, seizure pattern, onset time, and duration. Methods : We reviewed retrospectively 36 neonates(19 males, 17 females) with status...
Clinical Features of Benign Infantile Convulsions with Gastroenteritis
Jung Sun Lee, Hae Oak Kwon, Young Mee Jee, Kyu Young Chae
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(7):753-759.   Published online July 15, 2005
Purpose : This study was performed to characterize clinical features of benign convulsions with gastroenteritis(CwG) in infants. Methods : We reviewed clinical features of 67 episodes in 64 patients with afebrile seizure accompanied gastroenteritis admitted to Dept. of Pediatrics Bundang CHA hospital from January 2001 to June 2004. Patients with meningitis, encephalitis/encephalopathy or apparent history of epilepsy were excluded. Results : There...
A Clinical Study on the Etiologies of Acute Seizures in Children Who Visited Emergency Department
Jung Il Cho, Dong Wook Kim, Hyun Oh Jang, Jin Soo Moon, Seung Yeon Nam, Seung Yeon Nam
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(12):1312-1318.   Published online December 15, 2004
Purpose : Although it is important to know the etiologies of childhood seizures according to age, clinical studies on this topic have been few. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the causes of acute childhood seizures. We hope this study will be helpful in the diagnosis and management of children with seizures. Methods : This study was retrospectively undertaken...
A Clinical Study on Benign Convulsions with Mild Gastroenteritis
Jung Il Cho, Dong Wook Kim, Hyun Oh Jang, Jin Soo Moon, Seung Yeon Nam, Chong Guk Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(12):1306-1311.   Published online December 15, 2004
Purpose : 'Benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis(BCwMG)' is afebrile seizures associated with gastroenteritis without dehydration or electrolyte imbalance in young children aged almost 6 months to 3 years. Because seizures can occur repeatedly, patients can be misdiagnosed with epilepsy. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of this disease is thought to be important. This study was carried out to investigate the clinical...
Urine Organic Acid Analysis of Patients with Febrile Seizures
Dong Soo Shin, Gun Jun Lee, Kyeung Ja Lee, Won Il Park, Eun Joo Bae, Hong Gin Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(11):1205-1209.   Published online November 15, 2004
Purpose : Febrile seizure, the most common seizure disorder in children between 6 months and 5 years of age, is mostly caused by viral infections, except severe CNS infection. It can also be caused by disorders in organic acid metabolism, especially accompanied by fever. Therefore we decided to investigate the relationship between children with febrile seizures and disorders in organic...
The Incidence and Risk Factors of Posttraumatic Seizure in Children
Sue Youn, Mi A Lee, Hwang Min Kim, Byung Ho Cha
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(11):1198-1204.   Published online November 15, 2004
Purpose : The goal of our study was to identify the incidence and clinical, neurophysiological and neuroradiological variables with predictive value for posttraumatic seizure(PTS). Methods : The medical records of 625 children with head traumas under 15-year-old who were admitted to the Wonju Christian Hospital, from January, 1993 to January, 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, 472 patients were included...
Febrile Seizure-induced Neuroexcitability in Immature Rat Hipocampus
Bong Keun Choi, Kyu Geun Hwang, Hae Rahn Bae
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(9):992-1001.   Published online September 15, 2004
Purpose : To determine whether febrile seizure enhances neuroexcitability by altering synaptic transmission and whether febrile seizure-induced hyperexcitability leads to long-lasting neuronal death. Methods : We investigated the expression of synaptic and postsynaptic proteins and the apoptosis of neuronal cells in rat pup hippocampus after hyperthermic seizure using immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. Results : Hyperthermic seizure enhanced the long-term expressions of...
CSF Examination in the First Febrile Seizure
Joseph Jo, Sun Hee Yu, Young Taek Jang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(7):762-767.   Published online July 15, 2004
Purpose : This study was launched to classify subjects of the CSF examination and improve early diagnosis of meningitis and its treatment in children who have had a first febrile seizure. Methods : From March 1995 to September 2003, children aged 3 months to 5 years who had had treatment for febrile seizure were analyzed as to their age at first...
Medical Lecture Course
Recurrent Early-Life Seizures and Changes in GABAA Receptors Expression in Hippocampus
Doo Kwun Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(6):596-603.   Published online June 15, 2004
The immature brain differs from the adult brain in its susceptibility to seizures, seizure characteristics, and responses to antiepileptic drugs. Gamma(γ)-aminobutyric acid(GABA) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain. GABA exerts its main action through GABAA receptors, which are coupled to a ligand-gated chloride channel. The receptor protein is a pentameric structure composed of multiple subunits of different...
Original Article
Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Neonatal Seizures
Chang Wu Kim, Chang Hwan Jang, Heng Mi Kim, Byung Ho Choe, Soon Hak Kwon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(12):1253-1259.   Published online December 15, 2003
Backgroud : Seizures in the neonate are relatively common and their clinical features are different from those in children and adults. The study aimed to provide the clinical profiles of neonatal seizure in our hospital. Methods : A total of 41 newborns with seizures were enrolled in this study over a period of three years. They were evaluated with special reference...
Case Report
A Case of Sandifer Syndrome
Mira Lee, Soo Hyun Kim, Yong Joo Kim, In Joon Seol
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(10):1036-1039.   Published online October 15, 2003
Sandifer syndrome is a rare manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux in children, occurring in association with abnormal movement of the head and neck and recurrent episodes of seizure after feeding. This syndrome may be misdiagnosed as infantile seizure and musculoskeletal disorder and may be associated with failure to thrive, anemia, aspiration pneumonia, and esophagitis. In this paper, Sandifer syndrome in a...
Original Article
Relationship between Admission and Clinical Features of Children Who Visited the Emergency Department with Seizures
Sung Kwan Yoon, Eun Young Kim, Eun Seok Yang, Kyung Rye Moon, Sang Kee Park, Young Bong Park, Young Il Rho, Soo Hyeong Cho
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(10):1003-1007.   Published online October 15, 2003
Purpose : To review the seizure-related complaints and analyze the relationship between admission rates and clinical features in children who had visited the emergency department with seizures. Methods : Retrospectively, we reviewed 180 patients(male 100, female 80) suffering from seizures, who had visited to the emergency department of Chosun University Hospital from January 2000 to June 2002. We have analyzed the...
A Follow-Up Study after Discontinuation of Antiepileptic Drug Therapy in Children with Well-Controlled Epilepsy : The Factors that Influence Recurrence
Sa Jun Chung, Hye Jeon Chung, Young Mi Choi, Eu Hyun Cho
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(12):1559-1570.   Published online December 15, 2002
Purpose : There has been no exact answer to the question of when to discontinue antiepileptic drugs(AEDs) in children with well-controlled epilepsy for a long period. This study is about the risk factors of relapse after withdrawal of AEDs in seizure(Sz)-free patients to show a guideline for discontinuation of AEDs. Methods : One hundred and sixty-nine children were diagnosed as epileptic...
Recurrence Rate of Febrile Seizures by Combining Risk Factors
Su Jung Moon, Gu Ken Sun, Eun Young Kim, Kyong Hee Na, Sun Young Park, Kyoung Sim Kim, Yong Wook Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(11):1403-1410.   Published online November 15, 2002
Purpose : In previous studies, various risk factors for recurrent febrile seizures have been identified. But none of these risk factors alone could sufficiently discriminate children at high or low risk for recurrent seizures. Therefore, we tried to identify patients at high risk of recurrent febrile seizures by combining risk factors. Methods : Two hundred and four children who had...
Characteristics of Seizures and Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression of Hippocampus in Hyperthermia-Induced Seizures of Developing Rat
Doo-Kwun Kim, Dong-Keun Jung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(5):629-636.   Published online May 15, 2002
Purpose : Our study was aimed to investigate the characteristics of seizures as well as to determine whether the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression(nNOS) of hippocampus has an affect in the hyperthermic seizure in developing rat. Methods : Hyperthermic seizures were repeatedly induced twice a week for four weeks in 20-day old Spraque-Dowley rats. Fifty two rats were used...
Case Report
A Case of Incontinentia Pigmenti with Developmental Brain Malformation
Suk Ho Kang, Soon Kim, Seung Hee Jung, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(4):535-539.   Published online April 15, 2002
Incontinentia pigmenti is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by vesiculobullous skin disease in neonates and infants, a noninfectious disease that should be distinguished from infectious diseases with the neonatal seizure or encephalopathy. This disease is X-linked dominant with Xq28 region abnormalities and often associated with developmental defects of the ocular, skeletal, dental, and central nervous system. Central nervous system involvement...
A Case of Partial DiGeorge Syndrome in Prematurity
Tae Jung Sung, Eun Young Ko, Dal Hyon Kim, Ji Eun Oh, Young Se Kwon, Dae Hyun Lim, Byong Kwan Son
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(3):383-389.   Published online March 15, 2002
We experienced a case of partial DiGeorge syndrome in a 35＋5 week premature female infant presented with micrognathia, fish-shaped mouth, beaked nose, nasal regurgitation, obstructive sleep apnea, velopharyngeal insufficiency and late onset hypocalcemic seizures. The chromosome 22q11 microdeletion was found by the FISH method. The lab findings showed serum calcium level of 4.4 mg/dL, ionized calcium level of 0.49 mg/dL,...
Original Article
The Immunohistochemical Expression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rat Hippocampus after Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures
Doo-Kwun Kim, Tae-Jung Jang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2001;44(12):1432-1440.   Published online December 15, 2001
Purpose : In order to determine the effect of neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS) in seizure-related neuronal vulnerability of the hippocampus, the expression patterns of nNOS were examined in pentylenetetrazole(PTZ)-induced seizure groups and in PTZ seizure groups which were pretreated with nNOS inhibitors. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-300 g were used in PTZ(40 mg/kg)-induced seizure experiments. A specific inhibitor, 50 mg/kg 7-nitroindazole(7-NI), and a...
The Optimum Dose of Oral Diazepam to Reduce Seizure Attack in Febrile Seizure Patients During Febrile Illness
Im Jeong Choi, Je Eun Choi, Jung A Lee, Pil Ju Jeong, Sung Mi Kim, Jin Hwa Jeong, Jeong Ho Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2001;44(6):677-682.   Published online June 15, 2001
Purpose : Febrile seizure is the most common type of seizure affecting 3-4% of children. The recurrence rate of febrile seizure is approximately 33%. About 16% of children with a febrile seizure during the febrile illness have a recurrent seizure attack within 24 hours. This study aimed to investigate the optimum dose of diazepam to reduce the recurrence of febrile...
The Usefulness of Emergency Brain Computerized Tomography in Children with First Seizures
Hyun Kyung Park, In Joon Seol
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2001;44(5):562-568.   Published online May 15, 2001
Purpose : This study was performed to discover whether emergency brain computerized tomography(CT) is useful for the diagnosis and management of patients with first seizure. Methods : We studied retrostpectively all children(under 15-year-old) without a history of neurologic illness who visited Hanyang University Hospital and took a brain CT because of a first seizure attack between January 1996 and June 1999....
Effects of Vigabatrin on Pilocarpine-Induced Seizures in Immature Rats
Bo Ram Choe, In-Goo Lee, Kyung-Tae Whang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2001;44(2):185-192.   Published online February 15, 2001
Purpose : Vigabatrin is a widely used antiepileptic drug that greatly increases whole brain γ- aminobutyric acid(GABA). But little is known about the anticonvulsant effect of vigabatrin on pilocarpine-induced seizures in the immature rats. This study was conducted to determine the effects of vigabatrin on pilocarpine-induced seizures in the immature rats. Methods : Six to eight day old Sprague-Dawley rats were...