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Original Article
Nephrology (Genitourinary)
Is vaginal reflux associated with urinary tract infection in female children under the age of 36 months?
Yu Bin Kim, Chih Lung Tang, Ja Wook Koo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2018;61(1):17-23.   Published online January 22, 2018
Purpose

To determine the relationship between vaginal reflux (VR) and urinary tract infection (UTI) in female children aged <36 months.

Methods

A single center retrospective study was performed for 191 girls aged <36 months, with a diagnosis of febrile UTI, who underwent a voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) for assessment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) at Sanggye Paik Hospital. Fifty-one girls, who underwent VCUG for assessment...

Gastroenterology
Dietary habits and gastroesophageal reflux disease in preschool children
You Jin Choi, Eun Kyo Ha, Su Jin Jeong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(7):303-307.   Published online July 31, 2016
Purpose

To identify the relationship between dietary habits and childhood gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in preschool children.

Methods

We performed a questionnaire study to analyze the relationship between dietary habits and GERD in 85 preschool children with GERD and 117 healthy children of the same age.

Results

Irregular and picky eating were more p–revalent in the GERD group than in the control group (odds ratio...

Efficacy of proton pump inhibitors and H2 blocker in the treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants
Hamid Reza Azizollahi, Mandana Rafeey
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(5):226-230.   Published online May 31, 2016
Purpose

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs in pediatric patients when reflux of gastric contents presents with troublesome symptoms. The present study compared the effects of omeprazole and ranitidine for the treatment of symptomatic GERD in infants of 2-12 months.

Methods

This study was a clinical randomized double-blind trial and parallel-group comparison of omeprazole and ranitidine performed at Children Training Hospital in Tabriz, Iran....

Nephrology (Genitourinary)
Usefulness of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in young children with febrile urinary tract infection
Song Yi Han, I Re Lee, Se Jin Park, Ji Hong Kim, Jae Il Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(3):139-144.   Published online March 31, 2016
Purpose

Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is a serious bacterial infection that can cause renal scarring in children. Early identification of APN is critical to improve treatment outcomes. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a prognostic marker of many diseases, but it has not yet been established in urinary tract infection (UTI). The aim of this study was to determine whether NLR is a...

Evaluation of new American Academy of Pediatrics guideline for febrile urinary tract infection
Da Min Choi, Tae Hoon Heo, Hyung Eun Yim, Kee Hwan Yoo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(9):341-346.   Published online September 21, 2015
Purpose

To evaluate the practical applications of the diagnosis algorithms recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics urinary tract infection (UTI) guideline.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of febrile UTI patients aged between 2 and 24 months. The patients were divided into 3 groups: group I (patients with positive urine culture and urinalysis findings), group II (those with positive urine culture...

Review Article
Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric patients
Jong Wook Kim, Mi Mi Oh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2013;56(4):145-150.   Published online April 22, 2013

Endoscopic treatment is a minimally invasive treatment for managing patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Although several bulking agents have been used for endoscopic treatment, dextranomer/hyaluronic acid is the only bulking agent currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating VUR. Endoscopic treatment of VUR has gained great popularity owing to several obvious benefits, including short operative time,...

Renal scar formation after urinary tract infection in children
Young Seo Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(10):367-370.   Published online October 29, 2012

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial illness in children. Acute pyelonephritis in children may lead to renal scarring with the risk of later hypertension, preeclampsia during pregnancy, proteinuria, and renal insufficiency. Until now, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has been considered the most important risk factor for post-UTI renal scar formation in children. VUR predisposes children with UTI to pyelonephritis,...

Original Article
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children
Jye Hae Park, SeonKyeong Rhie, Su Jin Jeong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2011;54(1):17-21.   Published online January 31, 2011
Purpose

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) can improve nutritional status and reduce the amount of time needed to feed neurologically impaired children. We evaluated the characteristics, complications, and outcomes of neurologically impaired children treated with PEG.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 32 neurologically impaired children who underwent PEG between March 2002 and August 2008 at our medical center. Forty-two PEG procedures comprising...

The relationships between clinical variables and renal parenchymal disease in pediatric clinically suspected urinary tract infection
Jung Lim Byun, Sang Taek Lee, Sochung Chung, Kyo Sun Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(2):222-227.   Published online February 15, 2010
Purpose : To evaluate the significance of clinical signs and laboratory findings as predictors of renal parenchymal lesions and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in childhood urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods : From July 2005 to July 2008, 180 patients admitted with a first febrile UTI at the Pediatric Department of Konkuk University Hospital were included in this study. The following were...
Case Report
A case of acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with congenital H-type tracheoesophageal fistula and gastroesophageal reflux
Heewon Chueh, Myo Jing Kim, Jin-A Jung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(8):892-895.   Published online August 15, 2008
H-type tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is extremely rare in infants and children, and clinical manifestations of this condition are diverse based on its severity. Some cases of congenital TEF diagnosed in adulthood have been reported, which indicate the difficulty of early diagnosis of this disease. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) may induce chronic aspiration, pulmonary aspiration, apparent life-threatening events, and failure to thrive....
A case of congenital vallecular cyst associated with gastroesophageal reflux presenting with stridor, feeding cyanosis, and failure to thrive
Mi Ae Yang, Min Jae Kang, Jeana Hong, Seung Han Shin, Sang Duk Kim, Ee-Kyung Kim, Han-Suk Kim, Jung-Hwan Choi, Tack Kyun Kwon, In-One Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(7):775-779.   Published online July 15, 2008
Vallecular cyst is an uncommon but potentially dangerous condition causing stridor and has been associated with sudden airway obstruction resulting in death due to its anatomical location in neonates. It may also present with various degrees of feeding problems resulting in failure to thrive. When a vallecular cyst is suspected clinically, endoscopic laryngoscopy is necessary to visualize it. Other conditions...
Original Article
The Occurrence of Renal Scarring in Children with nilateral Vesicoureteral Reflux
Tae Ho Lee, Mi Ran Son, Soon Ok Byun, Jung Woong Moon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(9):998-1003.   Published online September 15, 2005
Purpose : We evaluated the occurrence of renal scarring in children with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux(VUR), and the relationships between renal scar formation and risk factors such as VUR, duration of fever, acute-phase reactant, age, and sex. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the data of 35 children newly diagnosed with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux after urinary tract infection(UTI) in Wallace Memorial Baptist...
Case Report
A Case of Sandifer Syndrome
Mira Lee, Soo Hyun Kim, Yong Joo Kim, In Joon Seol
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(10):1036-1039.   Published online October 15, 2003
Sandifer syndrome is a rare manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux in children, occurring in association with abnormal movement of the head and neck and recurrent episodes of seizure after feeding. This syndrome may be misdiagnosed as infantile seizure and musculoskeletal disorder and may be associated with failure to thrive, anemia, aspiration pneumonia, and esophagitis. In this paper, Sandifer syndrome in a...
Original Article
Urinary Excretion of Various Urinary Proteins in Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux
Da Eun Jung, Ja Wook Koo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(10):977-982.   Published online October 15, 2003
Purpose : This study aimed to examine the excretion of various urinary proteins in children with a history of urinary tract infection(UTI), with or without vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) or reflux nephropathy, and to identify means of predicting the severity of VUR or the presence of reflux nephropathy as indicated by these markers, and to know how these markers are changed after...
Incidence of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Asymptomatic Siblings of Patients with Reflux
Jong Shik Kim, Ja Wook Koo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(12):1540-1545.   Published online December 15, 2002
Purpose : Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) is defined as a retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract. It has been shown to predispose patients to hypertension, renal scarring, and end-stage renal failure if not recognized and treated. The observation that VUR occurs in siblings of children with reflux at a significantly higher rate than the general pediatric...
The Etiologic Diseases and Diagnostic Usefulness of Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Children with Chronic Coughs
Sun Young Park, Joon Sung Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(4):489-497.   Published online April 15, 2002
Purpose : The objectives of this study were to investigate the causes of chronic cough and to establish the appropriate diagnostic approach to chronic cough in children. Methods : One hundred and thirty two cases of chronic cough were prospectively evaluated. They visitors to pediatric chronic cough clinics at Kang-nam saint Mary's Hospital of Catholic University from August 2000 to...
Case Report
Two Cases of Congenital Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia in Infancy
Ji Yeon Hong, Kih Yeon Song, Woo Ki Lee, Kwang Woo Kim, Jong Gon Ha, Soon Ok Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2000;43(12):1613-1620.   Published online December 15, 2000
Herniation of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus into the posterior mediastinum is a commom affliction of humans. The incidence of hiatal hernia is difficult to determine because of the absence of symptoms in a large number of patients. Hiatal hernias are classified into two major types; type I sliding hiatal hernia and type II paraesophageal hiatal hernia. Sliding hernia...
Original Article
Factors Associated with Renal Failure in Children with Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux
Kyung Mi Park, Kyung Hoon Paek, Jae Hong Min, Jung Su Kim, Il Soo Ha, Kwang Myung Kim, Hae Il Cheong, Hwang Choi, Yong Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1999;42(7):959-965.   Published online July 15, 1999
Purpose : The pathophysiologic mechanisms and risk factors of renal functional deterioration are still controversial. We analyzed the factors associated with renal failure in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux. Methods : The medical records of 166 children who were diagnosed with primary vesicoureteral reflux from Jan. 1985 to Dec. 1996 in the Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Children with Chronic Cough
Pan Joo Lim, Jae Ock Park, Dong Hwan Lee, Sang Mann Shin, Dong Won Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1998;41(9):1234-1242.   Published online September 15, 1998
Purpose : We investigated the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) by 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring in patients who had chronic cough for more than 3 weeks. Methods : From January 1995 to August 1996, 33 patients with chronic cough which had lasted for more than 3 weeks were enrolled in the 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. The result was interpreted with the...
Follow-Up Study of Urinary Tract Infection Associated with Vesicoureteral Reflux
Do Whan Kil, Jea Eun Lee, Wan Seob Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(12):1692-1700.   Published online December 15, 1997
Purpose : Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) is the major cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children. Prolonged untreated UTI associated with VUR may result in serious complications, such as renal scarring, renal atropy, and decreased renal function. Therefore, follow up must be continued until UTI is cured completely, to prevent of serious complication. The authors conducted this study to evaluate results of the follow-up of...
Influence of Feeding and State of Alertness on the Incidence of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children
Kyung Mo Kim, Jung Yeon Shim, Soo Jong Hong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(10):1419-1426.   Published online October 15, 1997
Purpose : The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of the feeding (fastingpostprandial) and the state of alertness(awake-asleep) on the amount of gastroesophageal reflux by using 24hour esophageal pH metry. Methods : From July 1994 to June 1995, 32 cases of 24 hour esophageal pH metry had been done at the Asan Medical Center. Twenty three children with normal pH monitoring and...
Case Report
A Case of Hematemesis Due to Errosive Gastritis and Reflux Esophagitis in a 1 Day of Life
Hwan-Ill Kim, Shin-Kyu Yi, Yee-Tak Oh, Hong-Ja Kang, Kil-Seo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(9):1314-1318.   Published online September 15, 1997
Hematemesis is not infrequent occurences in the neonatal period. Physician' s first task is to determine whether this blood is maternal in origin or whether the infant is bleeding internally. Fetal blood indicates one of a variety of lesions and its source may be difficult to determine. The causes are esophagitis, peptic ulcer of the stomach or duodernum, hemorrhagic disease and pulmonary hemorrhage etc. We...
A Case of Congenital Megacalyces
Kyeong Mee Lee, Ran Joo Kim, Dae-Yeol Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(6):883-886.   Published online June 15, 1997
Congenital megacalyces is a congenital renal disease characterized by hypoplasia of the medulla and a non-obstructive dilatation of the calyces. More than 100 cases have been reported in the literature after first described by Puigvert in 1963, but it has been reported only three cases(two cases of adults and one case of child) in the literatures in Korea. The etiology of the congenital megacalyces...
Original Article
β2-Microglobulin is a Sensitive Marker for Predicting Renal injury in Childhood Urinary Tract Infection
Won Uk Lee, Byung Moon An, IL Soo Kim, Eun Ryoung Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1996;39(5):665-672.   Published online May 15, 1996
Purpose : Urinary tract infection(UTI) in children may be cause of end stage renal failure and hypertension. So, early detection of renal scar, vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) and anomaly, and proper management are important. We carried this study to observe the significance of 24 hours urine β2-microglobulin(β2-MG) for predicting renal injury and correlation of β2-MG with the grade of VUR. Methods : We...
Analysis of Radiologic Findings in Children with Urinary Tract Infection
Won Suk Kuk, Il Kyung Kim, Ho Seong, Chang Hee Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1995;38(9):1242-1252.   Published online September 15, 1995
Purpose : Because some patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) may combine vesicoureteral reflux and progress to reflux nephropathy, the early diagnosis and treatment of UTI are important. We have performed this study to recognize the meaning of the radiologic examination centering around technetium 99m- labelled dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan(DMSA scan) in pediatric UTI patients. Methods : We have studied 55...
Renal Scarring in Relation to Vesicoureternal Reflux in Uriary Tract Infection
Kwang Sun Han, Dong Jin Choi, Sung Ho Cha, Byoung Soo Cho, Young Tae Ko, Sun Wha Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1993;36(10):1402-1406.   Published online October 15, 1993
The vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is frequently found among the patients with urinary tract infection (UIT) and some patients with VUR progress to reflux nephropathy. The presence of scarring at UIT is an important determinant in the selection of those at risk of progressive damage. 99m Technetium dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) is a renal scanning agent provides a good quality of renal image...
Follow up Study of Urinary Tract Infection Associated with Vesicoureteral Reflux
Kyung Hee Kim, Young Jin Hong, Soon Wha Kim, Don Hee Ahn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1992;35(12):1713-1721.   Published online December 15, 1992
The authors studied 25 cases with urinary tract infection associated with vesicoureteral reflux who were admitted to department of pediatrics, National Medical Center. The patients were managed medically or surgically and followed up. The results were summarized as follows; 1) There were no difference in age and sex distributions of the 25 cases with vesicoureteral reflux. 2) The degree of reflux classified by International...
Case Report
A Case of Chronic Recurrent Obstructive Bronchitis Associated with Gastro-Esophageal Reflux
Myung Hee Min, Sang Soo Roh, Sang Il Lee, Sang Woo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1992;35(4):556-562.   Published online April 15, 1992
It has been well established that the gastroesophageal reflux and chronic respiratory problem were closely related. Several reports in pediatric literature have implicated the aspiration of gasrtric contents as a trigger factor of cough, wheezing, and recurrent pulmonary disease. Several possible mechanisms have been proposed whereby acidic gastric content can trigger bronchospasm and, in turn, bronchospams can trigger gastroesopohageal reflux. Several tests,...
Original Article
A case of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus due to vesicoureteral reflux.
Yong Bae Suh, Jong Yul Jeon, Sung Ho Cha, Byoung Soo Cho, Chang Il Ahn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1991;34(9):1299-1304.   Published online September 30, 1991
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a disorder characterized by polydipsia and polyuria resulting from failure of the renal tubules and collecting ducts to respond to antidiuretic hormone despite elevated blood levels of antidiuretic hormone. We experienced a case of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in 13 months-old girl probably secondary to vesicoureteral reflux grade IV. The clinical manifestations were extreme thirst, polydipsia and polyuria. Family history was nonspecific and...
Vesicoureteral Reflux Associated with Urinary Tract Infection in Children.
Kee Hyuck Kim, Hong Kyu Lee, Soon Il Lee, Moon Chul Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1989;32(5):638-643.   Published online May 31, 1989
The vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) is frequently found among the patients with urinary tract infection(UTI) and progress to reflux nphropathy and even renal failure. So, early detection and pr er treatment are important to prevent renal damage. The authors studied 221 patients with UTI admitted at Sowha children’s hospital from January, 1985 to June, 1988. Intravenous pyelography and voiding cystourethrography were performed in all patient with UTI. The...