Frequent desaturation due to immature incoordination of suck-swallow-breathing in preterm infants can influence multiple organs such as the heart, lungs, and brain, which can then affect growth and development. Most notably in preterm infants, feeding desaturation may even affect pulmonary function during gavage feeding. Because respiratory muscle activities may reflect the work required during respiration, we evaluated the differences in... |
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Erythropoietin (EPO) is emerging as a therapeutic candidate for neuroprotection. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the neuroprotective role of recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) and the possible mechanisms by which mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), JNK, and p38 MAPK is modulated in... |
The neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin (EPO) have been recently shown in many animal models of brain injury, including hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy, trauma, and excitotoxicity; however, limited data are available for such effects during the neonatal periods. Therefore, we investigated whether recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) can protect against perinatal HI brain injury via an antiapoptotic mechanism. The left carotid artery was ligated... |
Purpose : Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a simple sulfur-containing amino acid. It is abundantly present in tissues such as brain, retina, heart, and skeletal muscles. Current studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of taurine, but limited data are available for such effects during neonatal period. The aim of this study was to determine whether taurine could reduce hypoxic-ischemic (HI) cerebral... |
Purpose : Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 reportedly increases neuronal survival by inhibiting the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in astrocytes and protecting neurons after excitotoxic injury. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of TGF-β1 on hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in neonatal rats is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether TGF-β1 has neuroprotective effects via a... |
Purpose : Resveratrol, extracted from red wine and grapes, has an anti-cancer effect, an antiinflammatory effect, and an antioxidative effect mainly in heart disease and also has neuroprotective effects in the adult animal model. No studies for neuroprotective effects during the neonatal periods have been reported. Therefore, we studied the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal... |
Kwashiorkor is a syndrome of severe protein malnutrition, which manifests itself in hypoalbuminemia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and edema. It can be life-threatening due to associated immune deficiency and an increased susceptibility to infections. Kwashiorkor should be treated early with nutritional support and the control of infection. Dilated cardiomyopathy may develop during the treatment and in such cases a poor prognosis is... |
Purpose : Some antibiotics were known to exert neuroprotective effects in the animal model of hypoxic-ischemic (H-I) brain injury, but the mechanism is still unclear. A recent study reported that geneticin (G418), an aminoglycoside antibiotic, increased survival of human breast cancer cells by suppressing apoptosis. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of systemically administrated geneticin via anti-apoptosis following the H-I brain... |
Purpose : Mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), is a potent inhibitor of inosine-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a new immunosuppressive drug used. It was reported that MPA protected neurons after excitotoxic injury, induced apoptosis in microglial cells. However, the effects of MPA on hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury has not been yet evaluated. Therefore, we examined whether MPA... |
Purpose : The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobuin (IVIG) administration in fullterm neonates having clinically suspected neonatal sepsis. Methods : Forty full-term neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with clinically suspected neonatal sepsis, who had at least two positive diagnostic criteria were enrolled. Twenty neonates were enrolled into the IVIG arm and... |
Biliary atresia is a progressive obliterative cholangiopathy. However, the actual causes remain unknown, although a number of factors such as developmental malformation, viral infection, toxicity of bile constituents, and anatomic abnormality in the hepatobiliary system have been considered. Recently, several studies have been done to find out specific gene expression. Some cases of biliary atresia are associated with anomalies of... |
Purpose : Minocycline appears to reduce the mortality rate of patients with myocardial infarction. Therefore, the cardioprotective effects of minocycline through reduction of apoptosis were studied in a rat myocardiac cell culture induced by hypoxia. Methods : Cultured cells from the hearts of Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two sets of groups : normoxia groups treated with 5% O2 and... |
Purpose : Maternal premature rupture of membrane(PROM) over 24 hours is a risk factor in neonatal sepsis and a main cause of administration to neonatal intensive care unit. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines were studied to diagnose and treat early in newborn infants with sepsis and with a history of maternal PROM. Methods : Interleukin-1β(IL-1β), Interleukin-6(IL-6), Interleukin-8(IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were... |
Purpose : The objective of this study was to test the predictive validity of developmental test for later intellectual development in young children with delayed language development. Methods : The study subjects were 66 children who had presented delayed language development and had an initial developmental test and a follow-up intelligence test. The mean age at initial test was 34.2 months(17-48... |
Purpose : Proliferative chondrocytes and prehypertrophic chondrocytes secrete significant amounts of type II collagen in an extracellular matrix. In contrast, hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete type X collagen. In addition, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) also appear to play an important role during differentiation. Accordingly, the current study identified and characterized the chondrocytes and FGFR mRNA expressed... |
Purpose : In vivo, minocycline appears to be neuroprotective. Thus, the neuroprotective effects of minocycline were studied in a rat brain cortical cell culture induced by hypoxia. Methods : Cultured cells from the brains of Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two sets of groups : normoxia groups treated with 5% CO2 and hypoxia groups treated with 1% CO2. After several... |
Raine syndrome was described as an unknown syndrome in 1989. It is characterized by severe craniofacial anomalies with microcephaly, hypoplastic nose, depressed nasal bridge, exophthamos/protosis, gum hypertrophy, cleft palate, low-set ears, small mandible, narrow chest, wide cranial sutures and choanal atresia or stenosis, by generalized osteosclerosis with subperiosteal thickening of ribs, clavicles and diaphysis of long bones, and by intracranial... |
Scoliosis describes a lateral curvature of the spine and is often associated with cosmetic and functional impairments due to severe deformity of the spine. The incidence of adolescent scoliosis is 2-4% of children between 10 and 16 years of age. Eighty five percent of them are idiopathic, in which the most common type of scoliosis is right side-bending. In addition,... |
Klinefelter syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality, with a 47, XXY karyotype and typical clinical findings of infertility, hypogonadism, reduced body hair, gynecomastia, tall stature, and incresed gonadotropins and decreased testosterone levels. In addition to this classic description, several other diseases have been discribed in Klinefelter syndrome such as unilateral renal aplasia, autoimmune disease, diabetes mellitus, sexual precoxity, renal... |
Purpose : Thymus size can be affected by several factors and perinatal diseases can be estimated by its size. The purpose of this study was to search for a relationship between cardiothymic/ thoracic(CT/T) ratio and perinatal diseases such as neonatal respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) and intrauterine growth retardation(IUGR) by measuring the width of the cardiothymic shadow at the level of the... |
Intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) has been widely used to treat idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Aseptic meningitis has been reported as a rare complication of IVIG therapy. This report is on an 11 year-old boy with ITP who suffered from aseptic meningitis following the administration of IVIG. He was given 1 g/kg of IVIG for 2 days, and on the fourth day... |
Leigh disease is a familial and degenerative disorder characterized by focal, bilateral, and usually symmetric lesions of the both gray and white matter in the brain and the spinal cord. The clinical course is variable, but in most cases, the prognosis is poor with subacute progression leading to death within months or years of life. The pathogenesis was known as... |
Purpose : It is very important to study the individual risk factors which cause periventricular leukomalacia(PVL) and those which affect the process of cystic formation from liquefied periventricular white matter, in order to prevent and permit early diagnosis of cystic PVL that contributes to mortality and neurologic sequelaes in preterm infants. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the... |
Purpose : The diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis(HPS) can be made by clinical manifestations and upper gastrointestinal(UGI) series in most cases. Recently, the ultrasonogram(US) is a more accurate and reliable method for the diagnosis of HPS in early stage. Methods : We retrospectively studied 27 HPS patients confirmed surgically from January 1999 to March 2000. We reviewed clinical histories and physical and laboratory findings.... |
Purpose : Intravenous gamma globulin(IVGG) treatment has reduced symptoms and complications in Kawasaki disease(KD). However, fever persisted in 20-30% of the patients, and there are no reliable data on the indication and dosage of IVGG re-treatment. Therefore, we tried to reveal the effectiveness of IVGG re-treatment and to find risk factors in predicting the re-treatment. Methods : Among 57 patients with... |
Purpose : The mechanism of hypoxic damage is mainly intracellular influx of calcium ions through the glutamate ionotropic receptor. This study was performed to determine alterations in distribution and expression of kainate receptor subunits after 1 hour of moderate hypoxia in the newborn piglet brain, as in a condition of mild to moderate perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Methods : Ten newborn piglets... |
Congenital acute leukemia is a rare disorder with approximately 200 cases reported. It is defined as a childhood leukemia occurring at birth or before 1 month of age at a rate of 1%. Acute leukemias are generally classified according to morphology, cytochemistry and cell surface marker expression. Most leukemias conform to an ordered lineage-specific pattern of gene expression, but a... |
The nonsyndromic paucity of interlobular bile ducts, which belongs to intrahepatic biliary atresia, is characterized by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, suggesting cholestasis in newborn infants it has little relationship with extrahepatic congenital abnormalities. Pathologic findings through percutaneous liver biopsy show portal changes(duct paucity and fibrosis) and lobular changes(cholestasis, giant cell transformation, extramedullary hematopoiesis and perisinusoidal fibrosis). The overall incidence of intrahepatic biliary... |
Purpose : The present study was designed to investigate rotavirus infection by comparing clinical characteristics of the nosocomial infection of rotavirus between preterm and full-term neonates. Methods : The subjects were admitted from May to December, 1996. In 71 preterms, 44 were Rotazyme positive, 27 were negative, and in 321 full-terms, 64 were Rotazyme positive, 257 were negative. We studied the... |
Purpose : Excessive amounts of glutamate are released into the extracelluar space during hypoxia/ischemia and contribute to neuronal injury through overactivation of the NMDA receptors. It will be expected that the changes of the NMDA receptors to decrease the injury are developed as a kind of defense mechanism. The NMDA receptors are composed of NR1 and NR2, and there are four NR2 subunits; NR2A,... |
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