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Review Article
Fever
Taek Jin Lee, Dong Soo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(2):121-126.   Published online February 15, 2007
Fever has been recognized as a cardinal feature of disease since antiquity, but only recently has the pathophysiology of fever come to be understood. It became clear that the ultimate cause of fever is not a bacterial product (a so-called exogenous pyrogen) but a product of host inflammatory cells (i.e., an endogenous pyrogen). Many studies have demonstrated that mononuclear phagocytes...
Post discharge care of prematurity
Hye Sun Yoon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(1):14-19.   Published online January 15, 2007
Advances in neonatal care have been responsible for the improved survival of prematurity but have not resulted in decreased morbidity. Once the high-risk infants is discharged from the hospital, his or her many special care needs do not cease. A well-coordinated multidisciplinary approach is essential in the follow-up care of these infants. Special attention must be given to their growth...
Newborn hearing screening
Lee Suk Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(1):7-13.   Published online January 15, 2007
Hearing loss in newborns is the most frequently occurring birth defect. If hearing impaired children are not identified and managed early, it is difficult for many of them to acquire the fundamental language, social and cognitive skills that provide the foundation for later schooling and success in society. All newborns, both high and low risk, should be screened for hearing...
Regionalization of neonatal care and neonatal transport system
Jong Beom Sin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(1):1-6.   Published online January 15, 2007
In the United States, The concept of designation for hospital facilities that care for newborn infants according to the level of complexity of care provided was first proposed in 1976. The extent of perinatal health care regionalization varies widely from one area to the other. facilities that provide hospital care for newborn are classified into three categories on the basis...
Report about the health status of Korean adolescents - A comprehensive overview of the Korean adolescent health through demographics -
Hea Kyoung Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(12):1267-1274.   Published online December 15, 2006
Adolescent nutrition and growth
Sanghee Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(12):1263-1266.   Published online December 15, 2006
Adolescent menstrual disorders
Chang-Ho Hong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(12):1257-1262.   Published online December 15, 2006
Treatment and management of patients with inherited metabolic diseases
Jin-Sung Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(11):1152-1157.   Published online November 15, 2006
Inherited metabolic disease is rare disorders that show symptoms mainly in pediatric age and early treatment is important for preventing complications of the disease. Recent development in molecular and biochemical techniques help clinicians with proper diagnosis of patients, however, many of the disease still remain lack of effective therapeutic strategies. Better understanding on biochemical and molecular basis of pathogenesis of...
Diagnosis of inherited metabolic disorders based on their diverse clinical features and laboratory tests
Han-Wook Yoo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(11):1140-1151.   Published online November 15, 2006
Inherited metabolic disorders are individually rare but as a whole, they are nor rare. Since Archibald Garrod introduced a concept of “inborn error of metabolism” or “chemical individuality”, more than 500 diseases are currently known, affecting approximately one in 500 newborns cumulatively. They frequently manifest with acute, life-threatening crisis that require immediate specific intervention or they present with insidious diverse...
Newborn screening of inherited metabolic disease in Korea
Dong Hwan Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(11):1125-1139.   Published online November 15, 2006
In 1991, the Ministry of Health & Social affairs adopted a nationwide service program for neonatal screening of phenylketonuria, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, histidinemia & congenital hypothyroidism for newborns delivered from low class pregnant women registered in health centers. Government decreased the test items from six to two, PKU & congenital hypothyroidism to increase test numbers with same...
Concept of developmental disability and the role of a pediatrician
Young Jong Woo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(10):1031-1036.   Published online October 15, 2006
In this article, the following topics will be discussed: What is a developmental disability? What are the risk factors for developmental disability? What are the causes of delayed motor development? What are the early manifestations of developmental disability in young infants? What are the goals of early intervention and the forms or types of early intervention services? What are the...
Mental retardation and other neurodevelopmental disorders
Kwon Soon Hak
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(10):1026-1030.   Published online October 15, 2006
Mental retardation(MR) is one of the most common developmental disabilities, which is characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functions. Most children with MR have cognitive limitation in the mild range. With respect to the etiology, it is believed that genetic and environmental factors are interrelated and show variable pictures. Most children with MR present with speech and language delay...
Motor delay : cerebral palsy
Ho Jin Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(10):1019-1025.   Published online October 15, 2006
Motor delay, when present, is usually the first concern brought by the parents of children with developmental delay. Cerebral palsy that is the most common motor delay, is a nonspecific, descriptive term pertaining to disordered motor function that is evident in early infancy and is characterized by changes in muscle tone, muscle weakness, involuntary movements, ataxia, or a combination of...
Medical management of adults with congenital heart disease
I-Seok Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(9):937-945.   Published online September 15, 2006
The population of adult patients with congenital heart disease(CHD) has increased dramatically because of improved survival of infants and children with CHD. There are still a substantial number of adults with unrepaired CHD. Many adult patients do not know the possible problems of their disease such as ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmia, and what they should pay attention to. They often consider...
Nonpharmacological treatment of arrhythmia
Eun-Jung Bae
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(9):930-936.   Published online September 15, 2006
Although antiarrhythmic medication has been the main treatment modality for arrhythmia in children, in recent decades technological development and computerization have made great advances in nonpharmacological therapy. This article reviews the transcatheter radiofrequency ablation for tachycardia in children, recent advances of device therapy for bradycardia, antitachycardia pacing, implantable cardioverter defibrillator. As a new field of device therapy, cardiac resynchronization therapy...
Recent advances in transcatheter treatment of congenital heart disease
Jae Young Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(9):917-929.   Published online September 15, 2006
Over the last several decades there has been a remarkable change in the therapeutic strategy of congenital heart disease. Development of new tools and devices, accumulations of experience, technical refinement have positively affected the outcome of interventional treatment. Many procedures including atrial septostomy, balloon valvuloplasty, balloon dilation of stenotic vessel with or without stent implantation, transcatheter occlusion of abnormal vascular...
Giant platelet syndrome
Hoon Kook
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(8):833-838.   Published online August 15, 2006
Giant platelet syndrome is a group of unique disorders characterized by the presence of abnormally large platelets, and usually accompanied by thrombocytopenia. Most cases of giant platelets are encountered in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP). In contrast, inherited giant platelet disorders, a group of heterogeneous diseases, are rare. Bernard-Soulier syndrome and its variants, and MYH9 related diseases have been defined at the...
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP)
Hee Young Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(8):830-832.   Published online August 15, 2006
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by increased peripheral platelet destruction due to antibody to platelet, which results in thrombocytopenia and cutaneous or mucosal bleeding. Bleeding generally occurs when platelet counts fall to less than 20,000/µL. Children affected with ITP are usually healthy prior to the onset of the disease and typically present suddenly after a viral infection...
Hemophilia
Ki Young Yoo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(8):821-829.   Published online August 15, 2006
Hemophilia is the most common coagulation disorder. It has a long history. Hemophilia A is caused by FVIII gene mutation, and hemophilia B by FIX gene mutation. Those genes are located on X chromosome long arm. Bleedings in hemophiliacs predominantly occur in joints and muscles. Because those site are insufficient in tissue factor to induce hemostasis. Among joints knee, ankle...
Update in the etiology and treatment of sexual precocity
Mi Jung Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(7):718-725.   Published online July 15, 2006
The pubertal activation of gonadotrophin releasing hormone(GnRH) requires coordinated changes in excitatory or inhibitory amino acids, growth factors, and a group of transcriptional regulators. The age of onset of puberty is progressing to younger age. Factors affecting early puberty include genetic traits, nutrition(body fat) and exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. In rapidly progressing central precocious puberty, gonadotrophin releasing hormone(GnRH) agonists(GnRHa)...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome
Jin Soon Hwang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(7):710-717.   Published online July 15, 2006
Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents has been increasing for last 10 years. The increase in frequency of type 2 diabetes appears to parallel the increase in prevalence and severity of obesity in children and adolescents. The metabolic syndrome, cluster of potent risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, consists of insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension...
Current use of growth hormone in children
Choong Ho Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(7):703-709.   Published online July 15, 2006
Since the advent of growth hormone(GH), children with a wide variety of growth disorders have received GH treatment. In GH deficiency(GHD), Turner syndrome, chronic renal failure, children born small for gestational age, Prader-Willi syndrome, and idiopathic short stature, the therapeutic effects and safety profile of GH are reviewed. GH therapy has been clearly shown to improve height velocity and final...
Allergic rhinitis in children : diagnosis and treatment
Yeong-Ho Rha
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(6):593-601.   Published online June 15, 2006
Allergic rhinitis is a common disease of childhood characterized by nasal, throat, and ocular itching, rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal congestion. Those affected with allergic rhinitis often suffer from associated inflammatory conditions of the mucosa, such as allergic conjunctivitis, rhinosinusitis, asthma, otitis media with effusion, and other atopic conditions, such as eczema and food allergies. Allergic rhinitis must be diagnosed and treated...
Atopic dermatitis
Bok Yang Pyun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(6):589-592.   Published online June 15, 2006
Atopic dermatitis is estimated to affect 15-20% of the childhood population and there id considerable evidence that the prevalence is increasing. But it is frequently under diagnosed and inappropriately treated yet. Atopic dermatitis can have a large social;. emotional and financial effect on the child and their family. Atopic dermatitis also commonly predated the development of asthma and allergic rhinitis....
Update in asthma management
Hae Ran Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(6):581-588.   Published online June 15, 2006
Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the airway associated with increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of cough, wheezing, breathless, chest tightness. According the recent studies, repeated airway inflammation leads to structural changes so called ‘airway remodeling’ and associated with decreased pulmonary function. Airway remodeling begins form the early stage of asthma and the early diagnosis and management...
Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia
In-Seok Lim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(5):470-474.   Published online May 15, 2006
Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are the most commonly encountered electrolyte abnormalities in hospitalized patients. Because untreated hypokalemia or hyperkalemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality, it is important to recognize and treat them immediately. Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can result from disruptions in transcellular homeostasis or in the renal regulation of K＋ excretion. Although the recognition is simple, appropriate management requires...
Hypernatremia and hyponatremia
Dong Un Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(5):463-469.   Published online May 15, 2006
Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid and the primary determinant of extracellular osmolality. Therefore, hypernatremia causes water movement out of cells, while hyponatremia causes water movement into cells, resulting in cellular shrinkage and cellular swelling, respectively. Serious central nervous system symptoms may complicate both conditions. Since hypernatremia and hyponatremia are accompanied by abnormalities in water balance, it...
Nonepileptic paroxysmal disorders in childhood
Eun Sook Suh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(4):364-367.   Published online April 15, 2006
Epilepsy is the most common paroxysmal disorders seen in the childhood. But other nonepileptic paroxysmal events are confused with epileptic seizures or have unusual clinical features. Nonepileptic paroxysmal disorders tend to recur episodically. So differential diagnosis between epileptic and nonepileptic disorders in fundamental not only to allow correct management of patients and but also avoid of unnecessary antiepileptic medications. To...
Headaches in children and adolescents : diagnosis and treatment
So Hee Eun, Baik-Lin Eun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(4):354-363.   Published online April 15, 2006
Headaches are common in children and become more common and increase in frequency during adolescence. There are various causes of headaches. The majority of cases are considered as primary and include migraine and tension headaches. The rational evaluation of headache begins with careful history. Migraine is genetically determined recurrent pain syndrome accompanied by neurological and gastrointestinal features, involving interaction of...
Neurobiological basis for learning disorders with a special emphasis on reading disorders
Hee Jung Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(4):341-353.   Published online April 15, 2006
Learning disorders are diagnosed when the individual's achievement on standardized tests in reading, mathematics, or written expression is substantially below that expected for age, schooling, and level of intelligence. Subtypes of learning disorders may be classified into two groups, language-based type learning disorders including reading and writing disorder, and nonverbal type learning disorder (NLD) such as those relating to mathematics...
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