Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Review Articles

Other

Microplastic and human health with focus on pediatric well-being: a comprehensive review and call for future studies

Rogers Wainkwa Chia, Ntegang Venant Atem, Jin-Yong Lee, Jihye Cha

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):1-15. Published online November 6, 2024

· Milk and formula are common sources of microplastic in infants.
· Water and air are the most common sources of microplastic pollution from infancy to adolescence.
· Microplastic use by children of all ages can cause cell damage and affect their health.
· Microplastics present in children can be quantified using a stereomicroscope and characterized using micro- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01739

Global trends in importance of 24-hour movement behaviors to pediatric health: implications for South Korea

Eun-Young Lee, Reyana Jayawardena, Seiyeong Park, Justin Y Jeon, Yeon-Soo Kim, Mark S. Tremblay

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):16-29. Published online November 11, 2024

· The 24-hour movement behavior paradigm provides an important framework for future pediatric health promotion efforts.
· Policy priorities should include advancing surveillance and monitoring assessments related to 24-hour movement behaviors, evaluating their implementation in school and government policies, and building preparedness for future pandemics and natural disasters, including climate change, by promoting healthy 24-hour movement behaviors.
· Future research should advocate for the promotion of 24- hour movement behaviors.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00178

Endocrinology

A review of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in endocrine-related disorders

Nur Faten Hafizah Rosli, Noor Shafina Mohd Nor, Rose Adzrianee Adnan, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):30-52. Published online November 6, 2024

Crossref 1

· The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high among children and adolescents and mainly attributed to changes in environmental factors.
· Vitamin D hormone-like properties are associated with many endocrine-related disorders.
· The effect of vitamin D is modulated by the vitamin D receptor, polymorphisms of which are reportedly associated with an increased risk of disease development in children and adolescents.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00227

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Need for national guidance regarding proactive care of infants born at 22–23 weeks' gestation

Ga Won Jeon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):53-61. Published online November 13, 2024

With advancements in neonatal intensive care, the limit of viability has shifted to 22–23 weeks' gestation, whose survival rates vary across countries and institutions. These rates are not static and can be improved through the proactive and centralized care guided by national protocols, including maternal transfer to high-activity regions with better neonatal intensive care practices before delivery.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01277

Editorial

Cardiology

What we should know about pediatric heart failure: children are not small adults

Ja-Kyoung Yoon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):62-64. Published online November 6, 2024

· Pediatric heart failure (PHF) features high morbidity and mortality rates.
· Although adults and children can share a common diagnosis of heart failure, the underlying causes can differ significantly and require distinct therapeutic approaches.
· Treatments designed for adults are often applied to PHF despite the fundamental physiological and developmental differences between them.
· Child-specific data are vital for the development of tailored treatments to meet the unique needs of patients with PHF.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01130

Original Articles

Infection

Carbapenem resistance in gram-negative pathogens in an Iranian hospital: high prevalence of OXA-type carbapenemase genes

Setareh Mamishi, Reihaneh Hosseinpour Sadeghi, Sadaf Sajedi Moghaddam, Babak Pourakbari, Shiva Poormohammadi, Maryam Sotoudeh Anvari, Shima Mahmoudi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):65-72. Published online October 31, 2024

Question: What is the prevalence of carbapenem resistance in gram-negative bacteria and associated carbapenemase genes?
Findings: This study identified a notable prevalence of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative isolates, with Escherichia coli being the predominant contributor, follow ed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, while bla _OXA48 was the most prevalent carbapenemase gene.
Meaning: These findings highlight the urgent need for proactive measures including the rapid detection of carbapenemase- producing isolates and effective infection control.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01774

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Short-term outcomes of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum in preterm neonates: a double-blind placebocontrolled randomized trial

Ameneh Lamsehchi, Maryam Shokouhi Solgi, Mohammad Kazem Sabzehei, Behnaz Basiri, Elahe Talebi Ghane, Kiana Kimiaei Asadi, Sina Azadnajafabad

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):73-79. Published online October 31, 2024

Question: What are the short-term outcomes of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum (OAC) in preterm neonates?
Finding: This study demonstrated the significantly lower rates of necrotizing enterocolitis, clinically suspected sepsis, shorter hospital stay, period to full enteral feeding, and antibiotic therapy period in the OAC group.
Meaning: This trial may further expand the clinical application of OAC in premature infants to reduce their length of hospital stay and complications.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00591

Pulmonology

Polysomnographic features of children with obesity: body mass index predict severe obstructive sleep apnea in obese children?

Rungrat Sukharom, Prakarn Tovichien, Kanokporn Udomittipong, Pinyapach Tiamduangtawan, Wattanachai Chotinaiwattarakul

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):80-90. Published online November 6, 2024

Question: How Common is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in obese children? OSA is common in obese children, even without habitual snoring.
Finding: Among the subjects, 60.6% had positional OSA, 40.2% had rapid eye movement-related OSA, 59.8% had desaturation, 20.5% had sleep-related hypoventilation, and 5.0% had obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Body mass index (BMI) and neck and waist circumferences were significantly associated with severe OSA.
Meaning: We recommend screening obese children (BMI > 29.2 kg/m²) for OSA.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00066

Endocrinology

Efficacy of leuprolide acetate versus triptorelin pamoate administered every 3 months for treatment of central precocious puberty

Thanaporn Thaneetrakool, Suphab Aroonparkmongkol, Nattakarn Numsriskulrat, Vichit Supornsilchai, Suttipong Wacharasindhu, Khomsak Srilanchakon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):91-96. Published online November 6, 2024

Question: What are the differences in efficacy between leuprolide acetate and triptorelin pamoate administered every 3 months for the treatment of central precocious puberty (CPP)?
Finding: There were no significant intergroup differences in luteinizing hormone suppression or predicted adult height at the end of treatment in girls with CPP.
Meaning: Leuprolide acetate and triptorelin pamoate have comparable efficacy for treating CPP.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00822

Neurology

Instability of revised Korean Developmental Screening Test classification in first year of life

Ji Eun Jeong, You Min Kim, Na Won Lee, Gyeong Nam Kim, Jisuk Bae, Jin Kyung Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):97-103. Published online November 11, 2024

Question: How stable are the revised Korean Developmental Screening Test score classifications in early infancy?
Finding: A significant number of infants improved into the peer and high-level group (≥-1 standard deviations), especially in the gross motor area.
Meaning: The early detection of developmental delay requires a comprehensive medical history, physical and neurological examinations, and repeated developmental screenings.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00619

Letter to the Editor

Other

Adolescent hypertension and carotid intima-media thickness: significance of submillimetric differences

Christian Saleh

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):104-105. Published online November 28, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01466

Cited By 16	Long COVID in children and adolescents: prevalence, clinical manifestations, and management strategies
Cited By 15	Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants
Cited By 13	Association of gut microbiota with obesity in children and adolescents
Cited By 12	Gut microbiota affects brain development and behavior
Cited By 12	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in children

Current issue