Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Original Article

Peripheral blood cell counts of prematurely born, small for gestational age neonates

Mara Zuiderwijk, Sophie Groene, Enrico Lopriore, Vincent Bekker, Michiel Schoenaker

Background: Neonates born small for gestational age (SGA) are at an increased risk of multiple severe complications, including infections. This suggests that immune cells and other peripheral blood cells may be affected.
Purpose: Here we aimed to investigate whether SGA severity affects complete blood count and leukocyte differentiation of preterm neonates with a gestational age (GA) of <35 weeks and identify...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.02978 [Accepted]

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Neonatology (Perinatology)

Association between impaired renal function based on decline in serum creatinine level and brain injury in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Mélaine Boget, William Rozalen, Jeanne Fayard, Mohamed Boucekine, Diane Gillot, Isabelle Grandvuillemin, Farid Boubred

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(5):437-442. Published online April 27, 2026

Question: The clinical relevance of impaired renal function (IRF), based on the rate of serum creatinine level decline during the week after birth, in neonates treated with therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy need further investigation.
Finding: In this study, neonates with IRF had 2-fold higher risk of early death or severe brain injury.
Meaning: IRF can be used as a marker of adverse neonatal outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.02670

Nutrition

Human milk macronutrient composition and intake in relation to preterm infant growth: a cohort study

Eakkarin Mekangkul, Chonnikant Visuthranukul, Anongnart Sirisabya, Thaninee Chitsinchayakul, Santi Punnahitananda, Sirinuch Chomtho

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(5):428-436. Published online April 22, 2026

Question: Is macronutrient intake, particularly that from human milk, distinctly associated with the growth of preterm infants?
Finding: Total protein and fat intake derived from human milk and fortifiers showed distinct positive associations with weight gain velocity.
Meaning: Particular attention to protein and fat composition during individualized human milk fortification can optimize weight gain in preterm infants.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.02509

Pulmonology

Effect of vitamin C supplement in treatment of childhood pneumonia requiring hospitalization: a randomized controlled trial

Chutima Phuaksaman, Katechan Jampachaisri, Klaita Srisingh

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(9):690-699. Published online April 1, 2025

This study assessed the effects of vitamin C on children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Vitamin C supplementation improved clinical symptoms within 48–72 hours compared to placebo but did not reduce the length of hospital stay (LOS). These findings suggest that vitamin C is beneficial for managing CAP severity, but does not affect LOS.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.01970

Review Article

Nutrition

Macronutrients modified dietary intervention in the management of overweight/obese children and adolescents: a systematic review

Jihyun Park, Oh Yoen Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(4):191-200. Published online July 11, 2023

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

· Dietary macronutrient modifications affect the body composition of and metabolic markers in children and adolescents.
· Hypocaloric diets, regardless of macronutrient composition, are reportedly effective for weight loss in obese children.
· Future interventional studies with meta-analyses that include Korean children and adolescents are needed to provide basic information applicable to this population.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00262

Gastroenterology

Clinical importance of immunonutrition in infants: a review of the recent literature

Ji Sook Park

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(7):337-343. Published online February 17, 2022

Web of Science 4 Crossref 4

Nutrients are important in the developing immune system. Human milk supplies diverse bioactives to prevent acute infection or chronic inflammation. Immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and glutamine in human milk decrease gastrointestinal and respiratory infection. Human milk oligosaccharides promote the growth of intestinal microbiota, the gut barrier, and antimicrobial or antiviral activity. Micronutrients act as anti-inflammatory immunonutrients, too. However, the toxicity of some nutrients from an overdose should be considered.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00570

Nutrition

Components of human breast milk: from macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA

Su Yeong Kim, Dae Yong Yi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(8):301-309. Published online March 23, 2020

Web of Science 242 Crossref 259

Human breast milk (HBM) is essential for the infant’s growth and development right after birth and is an irreplaceable source of nutrition for early human survival. Various infant formulas have many similarities to HBM in many components, but there is no perfect substitute for HBM. Recently, various breast milk components and their roles have been studied according to the development...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00059

Original Article

Clinical Experiences with Total Nutrient Admixture in 26 Cases

Yong Soon Kwon, Eun Jin Choi, Soon Ok Byun, Ji Sub Oh, Hwan Seon Ryu, Charles D. Sands

Clin Exp Pediatr. 1992;35(7):921-932. Published online July 15, 1992

Total Nutrient Admixture(TNA) is an intravenous nutrient system composed of dextrose, amino acid, fat, electrolytes, vitamins and trace elements in a single container which is administered over 24 hours. Twenty six seriously ill or premature neonatal patients reciving parenteral nutrition with TNA were studied by analyzing anthropometric parameters, laboratory values, and complications. The objective of the study was to test the...

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Cited By 50	Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among parents of neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Cited By 33	Microplastic and human health with focus on pediatric well-being: a comprehensive review and call for future studies
Cited By 33	Community-acquired pneumonia in children: updated perspectives on its etiology, diagnosis, and treatment
Cited By 32	Metabolic complications of obesity in children and adolescents
Cited By 25	Neonatal family-centered care: evidence and practice models

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