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Original Article
The risk factors and prognosis associated with neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage
Su Jin Park, Ki Tae Yun, Won Duck Kim, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(4):503-509.   Published online April 15, 2010
Purpose : Although neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage is rare, it is associated with high mortality. We aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with pulmonary hemorrhage in preterm infants and to describe the clinical course, including neonatal morbidity, of infants who developed pulmonary hemorrhage. Methods : We performed a retrospective case-control study of 117 newborn infants aged less than 37 gestational weeks admitted...
Comparative study on effects of volume-controlled ventilation and pressure-limited ventilation for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Jae Jin Kim, Mun Jung Hwang, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(1):21-27.   Published online January 15, 2010

Purpose:In contrast with traditional time-cycled, pressure-limited ventilation, during volume-controlled ventilation, a nearly constant tidal volume is delivered with reducing volutrauma and the episodes of hypoxemia. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of pressure-regulated, volume controlled ventilation (PRVC) to Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) in VLBW infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Methods : 34 very low birth...
The effects of neonatal ventilator care or maternal chorioamnionitis on the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Ki Tae Yun, Whan Dong Lee, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):893-897.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:Advances in neonatal intensive care have improved the survival rate of low-birth-weight infants, but mild bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) with the accompanying need for prolonged oxygen supplement remains problematic. Maternal chorioamnionitis and neonatal ventilator care affect the development of BPD. This study aimed to examine whether maternal chorioamnionitis or neonatal ventilator care affect the development of BPD dependently or independently. Methods:We performed a retrospective study...
The outcomes of retinopathy of prematurity in relation to duration of low dose oxygen therapy
Pil Sang Lee, Jae Won Choi, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(1):50-55.   Published online January 15, 2009
Purpose : This study aimed to determine the influence of low-dose oxygen (FiO2 <25%) therapy through nasal cannulae on the progress and prognosis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) as well as methods of preventing ROP. Methods : Our subjects comprised premature infants (gestation period <37 weeks; birth weight <1,750 g) born in Daegu Fatima Hospital between February 1, 2001 and...
The effects of early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation on prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in respiratory distress syndrome
Jong Jin Park, Pil Sang Lee, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(1):44-49.   Published online January 15, 2009
Purpose : Early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia needed prolonged oxygen supplement is a problem. This study aimed to report the effects of early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation on the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in respiratory distress syndrome. Methods : We retrospectively studied 139 premature newborn infants (gestational age, 36 weeks; birth weight, 1,500 gm) admitted to...
Study of the risk factors for pulmonary interstitial emphysema related to mechanical ventilator care
Sang Yeob Kim, Pil Sang Lee, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(11):1179-1184.   Published online November 15, 2008
Purpose : Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) primarily occurs in preterm infants suffering from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and kept under mechanical ventilator care. Therefore, this study aimed to examine various risk factors for PIE, to identify conditions that can decrease the possibility of PIE development. Methods : PIE classification was conducted for 183 patients diagnosed to have RDS and receiving mechanical...
Normative data of penile length in Korean newborns
Sang Yeob Kim, Jae Sung Jun, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(9):944-949.   Published online September 15, 2008
Purpose : As modern society has became more open, interest in healthy internal and external growth has increased, including that pertaining to penile length in children. A micropenis is defined as one where penile length is more than 2 SD (standard deviation) below the mean, and it can be traced back to chromosome and endocrine disorders. The authors executed this...
Usefulness of auditory brainstem response as early predictor of kernicterus in early breast-feeding jaundice
Jae Won Jang, Gil Sang Lee, Dae Keun Song, Sung Hee Kim, Won Duck Kim, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(9):848-854.   Published online September 15, 2007
Purpose : The present study examined the etiology and risk factors of the early breast-feeding jaundice and the usefulness of auditory brainstem response test as early predictor of kernicterus. Methods : Medical records of neonatal jaundice in newborn admitted to Daegu Fatima Hospital between September 2005 and May 2006 were analyzed prospectively. Infants were grouped according to feeding method : breast...
Changes of neurodevelopmental outcomes and risk factors of very low birth weight infants below 1,500 g, in the last 10 years
Se Kyu Lee, Ji Hyun Lee, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(10):1050-1055.   Published online October 15, 2006
Purpose : As a result of advances in neonatal intensive care and perinatal care, neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight infant(VLBWIS) is expected to lead to improvement. The aim of this study was to report neurodevelopmental outcomes and risk factors of neurologic impairment of very low birth weight infants during the past 10 years. Method : We performed a retrospective...
Development of Periventricular Leukomalacia and Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Very Low Birth Weight Newborns and Relationship with Ventilator Care (Study of Ventilator Care as a Risk Factor of PVL and PV-IVH)
Hak Sung Lee, Sae Kyu Lee, Yeong Jin Kim, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(12):1330-1336.   Published online December 15, 2005
Purpose : It has been suggested that changes in cerebral blood flow by ventilator care could be a risk factor in periventricular leukomalacia(PVL) and severe periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage(PV-IVH). The study aims to assess the relationship between perinatal clinical events, including ventilator care, and the development of PVL and severe PV-IVH; especially, whether ventilator care could be causers of PVL and severe...
A Study on the Effects of Early Surfactant Replacement and Gentle Ventilation in the Treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Yong Suk Lee, Ji Hye Lee, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(10):1096-1101.   Published online October 15, 2005
Purpose : Recently, early surfactant replacement and tidal volume based gentle ventilation has been a fundamental treatment of respiratory distress syndrome(RDS). The aims of this study were to survey the changes in ventilator care duration and rate of complication in RDS groups. Methods : We performed a retrospective study of 255 newborn infants less than 1,500 g admitted to the...
High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation with Inhaled Nitric Oxide Combined Therapy in The Intractable Respiratory Failure Neonates
Mi Hyun Lee, Ji Eun Han, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(11):1167-1172.   Published online November 15, 2004
Purpose : Inhaled nitric oxide(iNO) has been known to improve oxgenation in newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension(PPHN), but it's not clear that iNo treatment is effective in cases of acute, hypoxic respiratory failure and premature infants. In our study, high frequency oscillatory ventilation(HFV) with iNO combined therapy was tried in intractable respiratory failure neonates who showed no response to conventional...
A Study on the Effects of the Early Use of Nasal CPAP in the Weaning of Mechanical Ventilators
Yeoung Ju Kim, Byun Kyung Jung, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(12):1200-1206.   Published online December 15, 2003
Purpose : This study was conducted for the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), by comparing the early use of non-invasive nasal CPAP with low intermittent mandatory ventilation(low IMV) and endotracheal CPAP in weaning a mechanical ventilator from infants with moderate respiratory distress syndrome(RDS). Methods : Thirty infants in the study group, with moderate RDS from November 2001 to...
A Study on the Changes in Ventilator Care Rate and Outcome of Very Low Birth Weight Infants During Last Four Years
Byun Kyung Jung, Yeoung Ju Kim, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(11):1073-1079.   Published online November 15, 2003
Purpose : Recently there has been a decrease in ventilator care rate and duration of very low birth weight infants(VLBWI) in Fatima Hospital. The aims of this study were to survey the frequency and duration of ventilation in VLBWI and to develop a non-invasive neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) policy. Methods : We performed a retrospective study of 284 newborn of...
Effect of Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure after Early Surfactant Therapy in Moderate Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Eun Ji Kim, Hae Sook Kim, Man Hoe Hur, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(10):1204-1212.   Published online October 15, 2002
Purpose : Early surfactant therapy with either gentle ventilation, high-frequency ventilation or aggressive weaning of mechanical ventilation are principles for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome(RDS). We studied to determine the accessibility of noninvasive nasal continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) rather than mechanical ventilation by invasive intubation after early surfactant therapy. Methods : The study group consisted of 14 infants who were born and diagnosed with...
Case Report
A Case of Incontinentia Pigmenti with Developmental Brain Malformation
Suk Ho Kang, Soon Kim, Seung Hee Jung, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(4):535-539.   Published online April 15, 2002
Incontinentia pigmenti is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by vesiculobullous skin disease in neonates and infants, a noninfectious disease that should be distinguished from infectious diseases with the neonatal seizure or encephalopathy. This disease is X-linked dominant with Xq28 region abnormalities and often associated with developmental defects of the ocular, skeletal, dental, and central nervous system. Central nervous system involvement...
Original Article
A Study on the Risk Factors of Periventricular Leukomalacia in Combined Use with Gentle Ventilation and High-Frequency Ventilation
Suk Ho Kang, Sung Eun Kim, Man Hoi Hur, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2001;44(11):1254-1261.   Published online November 15, 2001
Purpose : It is suggested that persistent hypocarbia caused by ventilator therapy could be a risk factor in PVL. The study is aimed to discover whether for preventing hypocarbia with combined use of gentle ventilation and high frequency ventilation, other factors would be causers of PVL. Methods : Among 45 infants who were born and survived through ventilator treatment in...
A Study on the Effect of the Combined Use of Gentle Ventilation and High-Frequency Ventilation on the Incidence of Chronic Lung Disease
Ji Yeon Baek, Jae Han Kim, Kyung Ae Park, Suk Ho Kang, Man Hoe Hur, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2000;43(12):1544-1551.   Published online December 15, 2000
Purpose : This study was conducted to determine the correlation between the incidence of chronic lung disease and the combined use of gentle ventilation and high-frequency ventilation. Methods : The subject group consisted of 63 very low birthweight infants of less than 1500gm who were born and survived through ventilator treatment in the Fatima neonatal intensive care unit for four...
Comparison of Intraventricular Hemorrhagic Findings in Preterm Infants Between Brain Ultrasonogram and Magnetic Resonance Imaging at Discharge
Yong Kuk Kim, Sung Suk Do, Mi Hyun Cho, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2000;43(4):470-476.   Published online April 15, 2000
Purpose : It has been customary to perform brain ultrasonogram(brain US) for the early detection of intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH) during intensive care of neonates. On the other hand magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) has been greatly restrictioned due to its complicated procedures. This study was conducted to identify changes in neonates' brain structure and to gain basic data for the long-term follow-up of...
Clinical Effect and Complication of High Frequency Ventilation on Respiratory Failure
Man Hoe Hur, Yong Gook Kim, Ji Yun Baek, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1999;42(2):164-172.   Published online February 15, 1999
Purpose : Flow interruptor high frequency ventilator(HFV) on neonatal respiratory failure caused by various disorders has been applied in order to assess its therapeutic effect and safety. Methods : Premature babies below 1.8kg with respiratory failure from 1991 to 1997 in the Fatima neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) for 6 year and 4 months are included. Flow interruptor HFV with low...
Effect of High Frequency Ventilation on Tension Pneumothorx Induced by Conventional Ventilator
Jae Han Kim, Jung Mi Lee, Sang Heuck Ma, Jae Uk Lee, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1994;37(4):527-536.   Published online April 15, 1994
Four cases of newborn with tension pneumothorax induced by a conventional ventilator were admitted to our nursery January 1. 1992 to June 30. 1992 and they were managed by high frequency ventilator (Infrasonic Infant Star Venilator). In contrast, four cases of newborn with tension pneumothorax who were continuously on the conventional ventilator, were included as a control group. They were...
Clinical Observation on Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Jong Soo Lee, Mi Young Yeo, Byung Hak Lim, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1992;35(1):44-50.   Published online January 15, 1992
Charts of very low birth weight infants weighing less than 1500 gms at birth were revieved and the results were analyzed. Infants were 152 in numbers, admitted to nursery in Fatima Hospital from January 1986 to December 1989 including outborns. Results were as follow: 1) The incidence of very low birth weight was 5.78/1000 among 26270 newborn infants. 2) Maternal high...
Predictors of neurologic handicap in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
Seung Tae Kim, Gui Ran Kim, Byung Hak Lim, Sang Geel Lee, Im Ju Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1991;34(4):473-479.   Published online April 30, 1991
Retrospective follow up studies were done in 52 term infants who were treated at the nursery in Taegu Fatima Hospital, for clinical evidence of Hypoxic ischemic enecphalopathy (stage II). All children were followed for a minimum of 6 months. Factors that significantly correlated with prognosis included 5-minute Apgar scores, the age at the onset of the seizures, the EEG and the initial brain CT. (1) Of...
Detection of antigen of RSV and clinical considerations on epinephrine response in wheezy infancy.
Gui Ran Kim, Seoung Tae Kim, Hyang Suk Hyun, Sang Geel Lee, Im Ju Kang, Sei Yun Jung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1991;34(3):388-397.   Published online March 31, 1991
Clinical studies were made on 126 cases of wheezing infants, who had been admitted to the department of pediatrics, Fatima Hospital, from June 1988 to May 1989. The nasal discharge of patients were examined for detection of antigen of RSV by ELISA method and then we compared RSV antigen positive group with RSV antigen negative group on aspects of epinephrine response and atopic characteristics. The...
Comparison of the 3-Imaging Procedures (IVP,VCUG & USG) on Children with Urinary Tract Infection.
Min Hee Yeo, Won Yeob Kim, Jee Sung Kim, Sang Geel Lee, Im Ju Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1990;33(3):332-340.   Published online March 31, 1990
This study was performed in 106 childrens with urinary tract infection who were admitted to Pediatric Department of Fatima Hospital during 2 1/2 years period from January 1986 to June 1988. Each patient was evaluated in three imaging procedures: intravenous pyelography (IVP), voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) and ultrasonography (USG). 1) Of 106 cases, 59 cases (55.7%) were normal on the three imaging procedures (IVP, VCUG, USG), whereas...
Clinical Study of Urinary Tract Infection in Children and Infancy and the Significance of IVP.
Jee Sung Kim, Sun Jong Kim, Sang Geel Lee, Im Ju Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1986;29(12):1334-1342.   Published online December 31, 1986
Of the pediatric patients admitted to Fatima hospital under the diagnosis of urinary tract infection from July 1982 to June 1985，IVP has been performed on the 114 cases of the urinary tract infection. Following results were obtained: 1) Male to female ratio was 1.6 : 1. 54.7% of all cases was included in infantile group. Abnormal IVP findings were noticed in 32...
Case Report
One Case of Infantile Nephrotic Syndrome.
Byung Hak Lim, Ki Ho Jang, Sang Geel Lee, Im Ju Kang, Sae Kwang Moon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1985;28(11):1147-1152.   Published online November 30, 1985
We report our experience with a four-month old male infant suffering from nephrotic synrome who developed generalized edema, subsequently associated with progressive uremia. His delivery was uneventful with no history of familiar renal disease. Conservative therapy was started but he expired 26 days after admission. Mesangial sclerotic changes (90% of all glomeruli) with mild compensatory tubular dilatation on the necropsy...
Original Article
Clinical Observation of Acute Viral Hepatitis in Childhood.
Byung Hak Lim, Ki Ho Jang, Sang Geel Lee, Im Ju Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1985;28(11):1057-1065.   Published online November 30, 1985
A clinical observation has been made on 127 cases who were admitted to the department of pediatrics, Fatima Hospital, Taegu, from January 1983 to June 1984 and following results was obtained. 1)Ratio of male to female cases was 3 : 1. 2)On admission, anorexia, nausea, fever and jaundice were significantly more common in HBsAg negative group but skin rash was more...
Lipid Content of Breast Milk in Korean Women.
Sang Geel Lee, Tai Ho Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1985;28(10):977-988.   Published online October 31, 1985
It is revealed that the lipids in mother* s milk not only serve as a major source of energy but also contribute to the development of important tissues of an infant. Since mother’s milk is the main source of nutrition for infants in Korea, the analysis of the lipids in mother* s milk is of great significance. Colostrum and mature...
Case Report
A Case of Hyperthyroidism.
Cheol Woon Beak, Seung Geun Hong, Sang Geel Lee, Im Joo Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1983;26(10):1033-1038.   Published online October 31, 1983
We experienced a case of congenital hyperthyroidism in a male neonate with tachycardia- and tachypnea, who was the 2nd. full-term product of 28-year-old mother with hyperthyroidism. On physical examination, there was exophthalmos, goiter and hepatosplenom egaly. Bone age was accelerated to about one year of age and thyroid function test was abnormal data reflecting hyperthyroidism. The review of the related literature was made briefly. This is...