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Original Article
Hematology
Changes and correlations of T-cell coinhibitory molecule programmed death-1 and interferon-γ in pediatric immune thrombocytopenia
Fady Mohamed El-Gendy, Amira M.F. Shehata, Esam Awad Abd El-Kawy, Mahmoud Ahmed El-Hawy
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(3):127-133.   Published online February 24, 2023
Question: What are the PD-1+ CD4+ T cells percentages and serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels of pediatric patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)?
Finding: Compared with healthy controls, the PD-1+ CD4+ T cells percentages and IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in ITP patients before and 1 month after therapy.
Meaning: Our findings suggest that PD-1+ CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ are involved in the pathophysiological process of ITP.
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Predictive factors of death in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy receiving selective head cooling
Behnaz Basiri, Mohammadkazem Sabzehei, Mohammadmahdi sabahi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(4):180-187.   Published online August 27, 2020
Question: What is the most important factor that increases mortality in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) who receive selective head cooling?
Finding: All cases of neonatal mortality were severe HIE (stage 3), and a severely abnormal amplitude-integrated electroencephalography and mortality were increased with the need for advanced neonatal resuscitation upon delivery.
Meaning: Advanced neonatal resuscitation affects HIE outcomes, and medical personnel should be prepared to provide the best intervention.
Hypoxia-inducible factor: role in cell survival in superoxide dismutase overexpressing mice after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia
Ga Won Jeon, R. Ann Sheldon, Donna M Ferriero
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(12):444-449.   Published online October 18, 2019
Background: Sixty percent of infants with severe neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy die, while most survivors have permanent disabilities. Treatment for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is limited to therapeutic hypothermia, but it does not offer complete protection. Here, we investigated whether hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) promotes cell survival and suggested neuroprotective strategies.
Purpose: HIF-1α-deficient mice have increased brain injury after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI), and the...
Review Article
Changes in the neonatal and infant mortality rate and the causes of death in Korea
Sung-Hoon Chung, Yong-Sung Choi, Chong-Woo Bae
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2011;54(11):443-455.   Published online November 30, 2011

Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) or infant mortality rate (IMR) are the rate of deaths per 1,000 live births at which babies of either less than four weeks or of one year of age die, respectively. The NMR and IMR are commonly accepted as a measure of the general health and wellbeing of a population. Korea's NMR and IMR fell significantly...

Brain death and organ transplantation
Sang-Ook Nam
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):856-861.   Published online August 15, 2009
Cardiopulmonary arrest has long been accepted as an unquestionable definition of death. An advent of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and artificial ventilation along with the development of organ transplantation has prompted the emergence of the concept of brain death. The criteria for brain death are based mainly on the clinical examination of coma, apnea and total loss of brain stem function. Although organ transplantation by...
Original Article
A survey of infant sleep positions associated with sudden infant death syndrome
Dong Jun Lee, So Ick Jang, Eun Jung Shim, Do Jun Cho, Dug Ha Kim, Ki Sik Min, Ki Yang Yoo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(6):602-609.   Published online June 15, 2006
Purpose : As the prone position is thought to be an important factor in sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS), this study was conducted to contribute to reducing SIDS by analyzing sleeping positions of infants. Methods : A face-to-face questionnaire was carried out with a total of 170 parents with a baby aged less than 6 months. Results : A total of 170 infants...
Clinical Analysis of Pediatric Death Patients Visiting Emergency Center
Do Hyun Kim, Seong Hun Lee, Sang Bae Lee, Min Hyuk Ryu, Dong Jin Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(1):12-17.   Published online January 15, 2004
Purpose : We analyzed pediatric death patients who visited Dong-Kang Hospital emergency center, in order to minimize unexpected pediatric deaths. Methods : The authors analyzed retrospectively the medical records of 110 pediatric patients who died before and within 24 hours after admission to the emergency center of Ulsan Dong-Kang General Hospital from January 1997 to December 2002. Results : We classified three...
Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Activity in Patients Affected with Rett Syndrome
Deok Young Choi, Jin Ha Chang, Hee Jung Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(10):996-1002.   Published online October 15, 2003
Purpose : In Rett syndrome patients, the incidence of sudden death is greater than that of the general population, and cardiac electrical instability including fatal cardiac arrhythmia is a main suspected cause. In this study, we are going to find out the possible cause of the higher risk of sudden death in Rett patients by the evaluation of heart rate...
Effects of Single Fetal Death on Mother and Live Co-twin in Twin Pregnancy
So Youn Kim, Hae Yul Chung, Hee Jo Back, Ic Sun Choi, Chang Yee Cho, Young Youn Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(12):1512-1518.   Published online December 15, 2002
Purpose : Twins have a higher mortality and morbidity than singletons. Co-twin with one fetal death is particularly at risk. We investigated the neonatal outcome of live co-twins when one fetus had died after the 20th gestational week, and associated risk factors. Methods : A retrospective study was performed in fifteen cases of twin pregnancy with single intrauterine fetal deaths...
Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy (Analysis of 34 Cases Including 13 Autopsies)
Yeo Ok Moon, Hee Kyoung Choi, Jeoung-A Her, Woo Jong Shin, Myoung-A Kim, Seong Yong Lee, Seong Hee Jang, Eun Sil Dong, Chong Jae Kim, Young Min Ahn, Je Geun Chi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(9):1065-1074.   Published online September 15, 2002
Purpose : The purpose of this study is to analyze the epidemiologic characteristics of sudden unexpected death in infancy and to evaluate the importance of postmortem autopsy. Methods : We reviewed, retrospectively, medical records of 34 infants admitted to Kangnam General Hospital from January 1987 to December 2001 because of sudden unexpected death. We investigated the cause of death through medical...
Clinical Analysis of Pediatric Death in Emergency Room
Bo Hyeong Lee, Mi Jung Kim, Hyun Kyung Lee, Young Hwan Lee, Kwang Hae Choi, Seok Hun Song, Sam Beom Lee, Byung Soo Do
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2001;44(9):987-991.   Published online September 15, 2001
Purpose : Sudden, unexpected pediatric death triggers acute grief in most survivors. In this study, we analyzed the pediatric death in emergency room in order to find out the factors for minimized unexpected pediatric death and increase awareness of these conditions. Methods : We performed a review on the records of 63 patients under the age of 16 years who died before and after...
Hemorrhagic Shock and Encephalopathy Syndrome as a Cause of Sudden Death in Infants
Jong Won Lee, Chang Han Lee, Ki Sup Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2000;43(6):814-819.   Published online June 15, 2000
Purpose : To evaluate the clinical characteristics, treatments and outcome of patients with hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy(HSE) syndrome. Methods : We performed a clinical study on 14 patients who were diagnosed as hemorrhagic shock and having encephalopathy syndrome in the Department of Pediatrics, from 1984 to 1998. Age, sex, clinical symptoms and physical findings at admission, the most deranged laboratory findings,...
Case Report
Acute Alcohol Intoxication in a Child
Mee Jeong Lee, Hyunmi Kim, Sang Gyu Park, Soo Youn Ham
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2000;43(4):588-591.   Published online April 15, 2000
Information on ethyl alcohol intoxication in children is scarce. It is generally believed that children are more vulnerable to ethyl alcohol intoxication than adults. However, little information has been published on the effects of ethanol in the pediatric age group. The incidence of hypoglycemia and convulsions following ethanol intoxication is not known. We report a fatal case of acute alcohol...
Original Article
Depolarization, Repolarization Inhomogeneity and Late Potential after Surgical Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot
Soo Young Kim, Myung Chul Hyun, Sang Bum Lee, Seung Tae Kim, Jong Soo Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1999;42(8):1071-1077.   Published online August 15, 1999
Purpose : After repair of tetralogy of Fallot(TOF), ventricular arrhythmia and sudden death remain as serious late complications which are due to right ventricular systolic and diastolic overloading, exposure to hypoxia and surgical scar. Among the various methods for predicting the risk of such complications, we evaluated signal average ECG(SAECG), QRS duration, QT and JT dispersion, cardiothoracic(CT) ratio, age at...
A Study for Causes of Death in Korean Children
Ha Baik Lee, Jun Hee Sul, Young Yull Koh, Jong Wan Kim, Young Jin Hong, Nam Su Kim, Myung Ik Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1998;41(8):1047-1059.   Published online August 15, 1998
Purpose : Analyzing of the causes of childhood death will provide us with the basis to understand prevalent diseases and to make the best possible health plan according to the studies. The National Statistical Office(NSO) of Korea has released an annual report of nationwide death. However, it could have underestimated the death toll of children because of delayed or missing...
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection : The Results of 23 Consecutive Patients
Young-Hwue Kim, Jae-Kon Ko, In-Sook Park, Tae-Jin Yun, Dong-Man Seo, Chang-Yee Hong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1998;41(3):346-353.   Published online March 15, 1998
Purpose : Surgical risk of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection(TAPVC) is high, especially in patients with early presentation resulting from pulmonary venous obstruction or with advanced pulmonary vascular obstructive disease(PVOD). We reviewed our experience of primary correction of TAPVC and examined the surgical outcome and risk factors. Methods : From June 1991 to Sept. 1996, 23 neonates or infants who were...
Case Report
A Case of Brain Damage in Surviving Monozygotic Twin After Intrauterine Death of Co-Twin
Jae Young Choi, Kook In Park, Ran Namgung, Chul Lee, Dong Gwan Han, Tae Sub Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1994;37(5):701-706.   Published online May 15, 1994
Various anatomical defects have been described in the surviving twin who had a stillborn, macerated monozygotic co-twin Disseminated Intravascular Coargulation. The etiology is thought to be placental transfer of emboli or thromboplastic material through placental vascular anastomoses. We experienced a case of monozygotic twin with deceased co-twin at 30 weeks of gestation and confirmed to have antenatal periventricular germinal matrix and...
Original Article
A clinical study on influences of premature rupture of membranes in the newborn infant.
Ji Sun Cho, Young Sun Ko, Soon Ok Byun, Ji Sub Oh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1991;34(2):180-189.   Published online February 28, 1991
A clinical study was made on 607 newborns of mothers with premature rupture of membrane (PROM group) and 5,775 newborns of mothers without ruptured membrane Baptist Hospital from January 1987 to December 1989. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The overall incidence of PROM was 9.5% with little yearly variations. 2) 11.9% of all babies with PROM were bom prematurely, significantly higher than the incidence of control...
Statistical Study of Perinatal Autopsy.
Gyu Ja Jung, Su Mi Back, Ock Sung Jung, Son Sang Seo, Hye Kyoung Yoon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1989;32(9):1195-1201.   Published online September 30, 1989
Recently, the incidence of perinatal death in this country has decreased by improved antenatal care and resuscitative management, but is still higher than that of developed country. A number of studies on perinatal death have dealed with mainly statistical and clinical aspect. We studied about perinatal death in order to prove more accurate cause of death by autopsy. The subjects of our study were...
Influences of Premature Rupture of Membranes on the Newborn Infant.
Kyoung Sim Kim, Young Ok Park, In Sung Lee, Ki Bok Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1989;32(2):149-157.   Published online February 28, 1989
A comparative study on the frequencies of premature birth, neonatal sepsis, asphyxia, perinatal death and respiratory distress syndrome was carried out between 1309 newborns with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and the normal group of 4636 newborns without PROM among all 5945 babies delivered at Kwangju Christian Hospital for the 2-year period starting from March 1985. The results are sumrnarized as follows: 1) The overall...
A Clinical Study on Morbidity and Mortality in Newborns of Mothers wieh Premature Rupture of Membrane.
Myung Shik Lee, Dong Gwan Han
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1984;27(11):1045-1054.   Published online November 30, 1984
A clinical study was made on 997 newborns of mothers with premature rupture of membrane (study group) and 5,552 newborns of mothers without ruptured membrane (control group) at YUMC from January 1981 to December 1983. The following results were obtained: 1) The incidence of the study group was 15.2% and morbidity incidences were 5.4% due to sepsis, 9.5% due to asphyxia and...
Clinical Observation about complications(Especially about Mortality Cases) in Childhood Primary Nephrotic Syndrome.
Hae ll Cheong, Yong Choi, Kwang Wook Ko
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1984;27(3):246-252.   Published online March 31, 1984
Among 350 children who had been admitted to the Ward of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital during the period from 1975.1.1. to 1983.12.31. and had been diagnosed as idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, total 21 cases (6%) had expired or had progressed into end stage renal disease during follow-up. Among these, 13 cases(61.9%； Group A) had expired due to chronic renal failure...
A Clinical Study on Predisposing Factors of Death on Neonatal Tetanus.
Keon Su Rhee, Young Hun Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1982;25(7):699-707.   Published online July 31, 1982
Total 60 cases of the patients of neonatal tetanus were clinically evaluated who were admitted to the department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital from Jan. 1976 to Dec. 1980 to identify the predisposing factors of death. The result were as follows; 1) The annual patients were encountered in 12 cases and the over all mortality was 42.9%. 2) Sex...
Case Report
3 Cases of Acute Death dueto Pneumomediastinum, Pneumothorax and Subcutaneous Emphysema as a Complication of Miliary Tuberculosis.
Hyang Suk Yun, Hyun Ju Oh, Hyung Suk Byun, Kyung Ryong Huh, Chull Sohn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1981;24(9):891-896.   Published online September 15, 1981
Pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema are uncommon in pediatric practice, but they may be rarely ocured in association with respiratory distress and excessive ressusciation in the neonatal period, and as a complication of bronchial asthma, measles in childhood. And also, there was a report of a few cases that developed to pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema caused by vomiting in patient...
Original Article
Clinical and Statistical Obervation of Sick Babies in SCBU.
Kyung Tae Kim, Dae Sik Hong, Kew Taek Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1981;24(1):24-35.   Published online January 15, 1981
Clinical and statistical analysis were performed on 573 cases of neonates who were admitted in the special care baby unit, St. Benedict Hospital, from January 1978 to June 1979. The results were as following: 1) Sex ratio of male to female was 1.04:1. 2) According to the route of admission, The ratio of "non-referred patients" to "referred patients was 1.86:1....
Review Article
The change of perspective on brain death, euthanasia and withdrawal of the life supporting medical treatments in Korea for pediatric patients
Ivo Kwon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):843-850.
A recent High Court's decision regarding the withdrawal of life supporting medical treatment (artificial ventilator) from an elderly female patient in the terminal stage has opened up a new era of the "euthanasia dispute" in Korea. With this decision, the legitimate withdrawal of life supporting treatment became possible under certain conditions and the Korean Medical Association is working toward the establishment of practical...