Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Review Article

Endocrinology

Hidden link between endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pediatric obesity

Min Won Shin, Shin-Hye Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(3):199-222. Published online November 28, 2024

Studies indicate potential connections between exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and childhood obesity. Variations in the impact of EDCs in epidemiological studies may result from differences in exposure concentrations and timing, measurement methods, and interactive effects of multiple EDCs. Longitudinal studies on exposure to multiple EDCs are crucial to elucidating their contribution to pediatric obesity and minimize the adverse health consequences of EDC exposure.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00556

General Pediatrics

Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in Malaysia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ker Yang Chua, Ker Yung Chua, Karuthan Chinna, Chooi Ling Lim, Maheeka Seneviwickrama

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):115-126. Published online November 13, 2024

The incidence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide. National surveys in Malaysia have shown similar trends. This review aimed to increase our understanding of the prevalence and associated factors of childhood overweight, obesity, and excess weight in Malaysia. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted of studies reporting the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Malaysian children aged <18 years....

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00899

Original Article

Pulmonology

Polysomnographic features of children with obesity: body mass index predict severe obstructive sleep apnea in obese children?

Rungrat Sukharom, Prakarn Tovichien, Kanokporn Udomittipong, Pinyapach Tiamduangtawan, Wattanachai Chotinaiwattarakul

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):80-90. Published online November 6, 2024

Question: How Common is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in obese children? OSA is common in obese children, even without habitual snoring.
Finding: Among the subjects, 60.6% had positional OSA, 40.2% had rapid eye movement-related OSA, 59.8% had desaturation, 20.5% had sleep-related hypoventilation, and 5.0% had obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Body mass index (BMI) and neck and waist circumferences were significantly associated with severe OSA.
Meaning: We recommend screening obese children (BMI > 29.2 kg/m²) for OSA.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00066

Review Article

General Pediatrics

Metabolic complications of obesity in children and adolescents

Hyunjin Park, Jung Eun Choi, Seunghee Jun, Hyelim Lee, Hae Soon Kim, Hye Ah Lee, Hyesook Park

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(7):347-355. Published online November 16, 2023

Web of Science 6 Crossref 7

· Pediatric obesity increases the risk of metabolic complications (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) and long-term cardiovascular diseases.
· A new obesity definition and various indicators (continuous metabolic syndrome score, pediatric simple metabolic syndrome score, fatty liver index) have been proposed to evaluate children’s susceptibility to metabolic disorders.
· Laboratory and body composition tests in pediatric screenings can identify groups at high risk of metabolic complications of obesity.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00892

Nephrology (Genitourinary)

Obesity and chronic kidney disease: prevalence, mechanism, and management

Hyung Eun Yim, Kee Hwan Yoo

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(10):511-518. Published online April 6, 2021

Web of Science 26 Crossref 25

· Obesity is strongly associated with the development and progression of chronic kidney disease.
· Altered renal hemodynamics, metabolic effects, and lipid nephrotoxicity may play a key role in the development of obesity-related kidney disease.
· Children born to obese mothers are at increased risk of developing obesity and chronic kidney disease later in life.
· A multilevel approach is needed to prevent obesity and related chronic diseases.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00108

Adolescence Medicine

The impacts of exercise on pediatric obesity

Ronald J. Headid III, Song-Young Park

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(5):196-207. Published online August 4, 2020

Web of Science 26 Crossref 27

Pediatric obesity contributes to the development of vascular dysfunction and metabolic and cardiovascular diseases which have all been shown to track into adulthood, increasing the risk of early mortality. Early exercise intervention is critical for combating obesity-related comorbidities and the optimal exercise prescription has yet to be well documented. Exercise prescriptions to combat pediatric obesity should incorporate both aerobic and muscle-strengthening exercises with an emphasis on long-term adherence.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00997

Endocrinology

Air pollution and childhood obesity

Moon Young Seo, Shin-Hye Kim, Mi Jung Park

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(10):382-388. Published online March 27, 2020

Web of Science 38 Crossref 40

Questions: What are the possible effects of air pollution on the occurrence of childhood obesity and what are the mechanisms?
Finding: Epidemiologic studies suggest that air pollutants might act as obesogens in the pediatric population, and their possible mechanisms include oxidative stress, physical inactivity, and epigenetic modulation.
Meaning: This paper reviews updated information on air pollution, one of the modifiable environmental factors in childhood obesity.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00010

Original Article

Gastroenterology

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese and nonobese pediatric patients

Eun Jeong Kim, Hyun Jin Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(1):30-35. Published online September 17, 2018

Crossref 5

Purpose: Obesity is risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, nonobese patients are also increasingly susceptible to NAFLD. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics of obese and nonobese pediatric patients with NAFLD. Methods: We retrospectively studied 68 patients who were diagnosed with NAFLD between January 2010 and October 2016 at 10–18 years of age....

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2018.06786

Review Article

Endocrinology

Waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for obesity and cardiometabolic risk

Eun-Gyong Yoo

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(11):425-431. Published online November 18, 2016

Crossref 174

The waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), calculated by dividing the waist circumference (WC) by height, has recently gained attention as an anthropometric index for central adiposity. It is an easy-to-use and less age-dependent index to identify individuals with increased cardiometabolic risk. A WHtR cutoff of 0.5 can be used in different sex and ethnic groups and is generally accepted as a universal...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2016.59.11.425

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