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Original Article
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Mediation effect of cord blood cortisol levels between maternal prepregnancy body mass index and birth weight: a hospital-based cross-sectional study
Nisanth Selvam, Jayashree K, Prasanna Mithra
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(10):500-506.   Published online July 29, 2022
Question: What is the association between cord blood cortisol and maternal weight, birth weight, and cord blood lipid profile?
Finding: Cord blood cortisol levels did not influence the relationship between maternal weight changes or birth weight. Maternal weight changes, birth weight, and cortisol levels altered the cord blood lipid profile.
Meaning: Our findings may aid United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) achievement by 2030.
Neurobehavior
Association between small for gestational age and risk of autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis
Ensiyeh Jenabi, Saeid Bashirian, Zahra Asali, Mahdieh Seyedi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(10):538-542.   Published online January 28, 2021
• The relationship between small for gestational age (SGA) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and remains conflicting.
• We showed based on odds ratio reports in epidemiological studies that SGA can increase the risk of ASD and SGA is a risk factor for ASD.
• The association between SGA and the risk of ASD has further momentum to the current public health emphasis on appropriate prepregnancy weight and weight gain during pregnancy
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Placental histopathology in late preterm infants: clinical implications
Kristina Ericksen, Joshua Fogel, Rita P. Verma
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(2):48-51.   Published online August 19, 2019
Question: Placental histopathology and its clinical implications in late preterm infants.
Finding: Placental vascular anomalies are more, and placental inflammation less common in late preterm infants compared to term. Higher maternal age, magnesium sulfate therapy and hypertension are clinical risk factors associated with late preterm delivery.
Meaning: Prevention and aggressive management of hypertension, and conception before 30 years of age might be effective in preventing late preterm births.
Iron status in small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age infants at birth
Hyeon A Kim, Sook-Hyun Park, Eun Joo Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(3):102-107.   Published online October 24, 2018

Purpose: This study compared the iron statuses of small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants at birth. Methods: The clinical data of 904 newborn infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit were reviewed. Blood samples were drawn from the infants within 24 hours after birth. Serum ferritin level was used as a marker of total...
TORCH (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus) screening of small for gestational age and intrauterine growth restricted neonates: efficacy study in a single institute in Korea
Mi Hae Chung, Chan Ok Shin, Juyoung Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2018;61(4):114-120.   Published online April 23, 2018
Purpose

Routine screening for toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (TORCH) in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and small for gestational age (SGA) neonates has become a common practice. However, the incidence of TORCH varies across countries, and the cost of TORCH testing may be disadvantageous compared to disease-specific screening. To evaluate the efficacy of TORCH screening, the medical charts...

Comparison of postnatal catch-up growth according to definitions of small for gestational age infants
Jisun Huh, Ji Yoon Kwon, Hye Ryun Kim, Eun Hee Lee, Young-Jun Rhie, Byung Min Choi, Kee-Hyoung Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2018;61(3):71-77.   Published online March 19, 2018
Purpose

Small for gestational age (SGA) is confusingly defined as birth weight (BW) either below 3rd percentile or 10th percentile for infants. This study aimed to compare postnatal catch-up growth between SGA groups according to different definitions.

Methods

Data of 129 infants born with BW below the 10th percentile and admitted to Korea University Anam Hospital and Ansan Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Height...

Postdischarge growth assessment in very low birth weight infants
Joon-Sik Park, Jungho Han, Jeong Eun Shin, Soon Min Lee, Ho Seon Eun, Min-Soo Park, Kook-In Park, Ran Namgung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2017;60(3):64-69.   Published online March 27, 2017
Purpose

The goal of nutritional support for very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants from birth to term is to match the in utero growth rates; however, this is rarely achieved.

Methods

We evaluated postdischarge growth patterns and growth failure in 81 Korean VLBW infants through a retrospective study. Weight and height were measured and calculated based on age percentile distribution every 3 months until age 24...

Developmental and Behavioral Medicine
Behavioral and intelligence outcome in 8- to 16-year-old born small for gestational age
Kyung Hee Yi, Yoon Young Yi, Il Tae Hwang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(10):414-420.   Published online October 17, 2016
Purpose

We investigated behavioral problems, attention problems, and cognitive function in children and adolescents born small for gestational age (SGA).

Methods

Forty-six SGA children born at term and 46 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) children born at term were compared. Psychiatric symptoms were examined with reference to the Korean-Child Behavior Checklist, Korean-Youth Self Report, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). Cognitive...

Review Article
Endocrinology
Catch-up growth and catch-up fat in children born small for gestational age
Won Kyoung Cho, Byung-Kyu Suh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(1):1-7.   Published online January 22, 2016

Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) are at increased risk of perinatal morbidity, persistent short stature, and metabolic alterations in later life. Recent studies have focused on the association between birth weight (BW) and later body composition. Some reports suggest that fetal nutrition, as reflected by BW, may have an inverse programing effect on abdominal adiposity later in life....

Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment for children born small for gestational age
Il Tae Hwang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(9):379-383.   Published online September 30, 2014

Recombinant growth hormone (GH) is an effective treatment for short children who are born small for gestational age (SGA). Short children born SGA who fail to demonstrate catch-up growth by 2-4 years of age are candidates for GH treatment initiated to achieve catch-up growth to a normal height in early childhood, maintain a normal height gain throughout childhood, and achieve...

Original Article
Outcomes of small for gestational age micropremies depending on how young or how small they are
Hee Joon Yu, Eun Sun Kim, Jin Kyu Kim, Hye Soo Yoo, So Yoon Ahn, Yun Sil Chang, Won Soon Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2011;54(6):246-252.   Published online June 30, 2011
Purpose

The outcomes of small for gestational age (SGA) infants especially in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWIs) are controversial. This study evaluated the mortality and morbidity of ELBWIs, focusing on whether or not they were also SGA.

Methods

The medical records of 415 ELBWIs (birth weight <1,000 g), who were inborn and admitted to the Samsung Medical Center neonatal intensive care unit...

Association of ionized magnesium, total magnesium, gestational age, and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm babies
Tae-Yeon Kim, Hyun-Hee Lee, Tae-Jung Sung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(10):1140-1146.   Published online October 15, 2009
Purpose : The pathophysiology of magnesium, the second highest common compound in humans, is still unclear, especially in preterm babies. We accessed the association between total magnesium (tMg), ionized Mg (iMg), and gestational age (GA) and that between serum magnesium (sMg) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm babies. Methods : In all, 119 inborn preterm infants admitted between July 2006...
Relationship between the depth of cingulate sulcus on neonatal high resolution cranial ultrasound and gestational age
Young Chil Choi, Jin Yong Choi, Jung Hwa Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(10):1136-1139.   Published online October 15, 2009
Purpose : It is critical that the exact gestational age of a newborn baby, especially premature baby, be determined to evaluate the status of a disease and its management and to estimate the prognosis of a patient. This study aimed to investigate an easy and accurate method to estimate gestational age on cranial ultrasound, requiring minimal additional time and equipment. Methods...
Catch up growth in children born small for gestational age by corrected growth curve
Myung Ki Jung, Ji Eun Song, Seung Yang, Il Tae Hwang, Hae Ran Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(9):984-990.   Published online September 15, 2009

Purpose:Being small for gestational age (SGA) is a risk factor of short stature in children. Genetic background such as mid-parental height (MPH) is known to influence growth of children born SGA. We studied the relationship between growth of children born SGA and MPH and studied the effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3)...
Review Article
Consequences of being born small for gestational age : More than being small
Eun-Gyong Yoo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(2):152-158.   Published online February 15, 2009
Reduced fetal growth is independently associated with increased risk of health problems in later life, particularly type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Insulin resistance appears to be a key component underlying these metabolic complications. It is suggested that detrimental fetal environment may program insulin resistance syndrome. An insulin-resistant genotype may also result in both low birth weight and insulin resistance...
Growth and sex differentiation of children born small for gestational age
Se Young Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(2):142-151.   Published online February 15, 2009
The incidence of small for gestational age (SGA) births is frequent, accounting for 2.3% to 8% of all live births. Several childhood and adult diseases are related to early postnatal growth and birth size, and 10% of children born SGA may have a short stature throughout postnatal life. Additionally, they may have abnormal growth hormone (GH)-insulin like growth factor axis,...
The present condition of Korean children born small for gestational age
Il Tae Hwang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(2):137-141.   Published online February 15, 2009
Depending on the definition used, between 3% and 10% of live neonates are small for gestational age (SGA). The definition of SGA requires the following: (1) accurate knowledge of gestational age; (2) accurate measurements at birth of weight, length, and head circumference; (3) a cutoff, which has been variably set at the 10th percentile, 3rd percentile, or at less than...
Original Article
Quantification of endothelin-1 in human umbilical venous endothelial cell culture supernatants of small for gestational age and preeclampsia neonates
Won Kyoung Cho, So Young Kim, Chung Sik Chun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(12):1194-1199.   Published online December 15, 2007
Purpose : It was generally accepted now a days that the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, small for gestational age (SGA), intrauterine growth retardation and fetal origin of adult diseases were related with a endothelial cell dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to know the relation of such diseases by assessing the level of endothelin-1. Methods : SGA babies, newborns of...
Factors influencing birth weight premature infants
Ji A Aum, Hee Jin Jung, Jae Won Huh, Su Young Hong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(10):954-958.   Published online October 15, 2007
Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing premature infants who are small for their gestational ago. Methods : The medical records of 1,010 premature infants of 26 to 35 weeks of gestational age born at Il-Sin Christian Hospital, Busan from January 2000 to August 2006 were reviewed. We collected data on gestational age, birth weight, infant...
Birth weight for gestational age patterns by sex, plurality, and parity in Korean population
Jung Ju Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(8):732-739.   Published online August 15, 2007
Purpose : A universal standard of the birth weight for gestational age cannot be made since birth weight distribution varies with races, nations and eras. This report aims to establish the birth weight for gestational age patterns by sex, plurality, and parity, specific for Korean live births. Methods : The national birth certificate data of all live births in Korea from...
The auditory evoked potential in premature small for gestational age infants
Il Hong Moon, Kee Soo Ha, Gui Sang Kim, Byung Min Choi, Baik-Lin Eun, Kee Hwan Yoo, Young Sook Hong, Joo Won Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(12):1308-1314.   Published online December 15, 2006
Purpose : This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of auditory evoked potential (AEP) in clarifying neuronal development in premature small for gestational age (SGA), and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. Methods : A total of 183 premature infants who were born from August 2002 to July 2005, were examined with AEP. They were divided into three groups; AGA, symmetric-SGA...
Review Article
Current use of growth hormone in children
Choong Ho Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(7):703-709.   Published online July 15, 2006
Since the advent of growth hormone(GH), children with a wide variety of growth disorders have received GH treatment. In GH deficiency(GHD), Turner syndrome, chronic renal failure, children born small for gestational age, Prader-Willi syndrome, and idiopathic short stature, the therapeutic effects and safety profile of GH are reviewed. GH therapy has been clearly shown to improve height velocity and final...
Original Article
Effects of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine and L-arginine on cerebral hemodynamics and energy metabolism during reoxygenation-reperfusion after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in newborn piglets
Sun Young Ko, Saem Kang, Yun Sil Chang, Eun Ae Park, Won Soon Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(3):317-325.   Published online March 15, 2006
Purpose : This study was carried out to elucidate the effects of nitric oxide synthase(NOS) inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine(L-NMMA) and nitric oxide precursor, L-arginine(L-Arg) on cerebral hemodynamics and energy metabolism during reoxygenation-reperfusion(RR) after hypoxia- ischemia(HI) in newborn piglets. Methods : Twenty-eight newborn piglets were divided into 4 groups; Sham normal control(NC), experimental control(EC), L-NMMA(HI & RR with L-NMMA), and L-Arg(HI & RR...
The effect of growth hormone treatment in short children born small for their gestational ages
Joo Hee Seo, Duk Hee Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(3):312-316.   Published online March 15, 2006
Purpose : Growth hormone(GH) has been recognized as an effective treatment for short children born small for their gestational ages(SGA), and nowadays it has been widely used for the treatment of short children born SGA. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of GH treatment for the children born SGA. Methods : The study population was made of...
Birth Weight Distribution by Gestational Age in Korean Population : Using Finite Mixture Modle
Jung-Ju Lee, Chang Gi Park, Kwang-Sun Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(11):1179-1186.   Published online November 15, 2005
Purpose : A universal standard of the birth weight for gestational age cannot be made since girth weight distribution varies with race and other sociodemographic factors. This report aims to establish the birth weight distribution curve by gestational age, specific for Korean live births. Methods : We used the national birth certificate data of all live births in Korea from January...
Complications and Perinatal Factors According to the Birth Weight Groups in the Infants of Diabetic Mothers
Kyung-Ran Son, Hee-Jo Back, Chang-Yee Cho, Young-Youn Choi, Tae-Bok Song, Chun-Hak Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(5):447-453.   Published online May 15, 2003
Purpose : This study was performed to compare complications and perinatal factors according to the birth weight groups in the infants of diabetic mothers(IDM). Methods : Three hundred and one singleton diabetic mothers and their babies of more than 30 weeks' gestational age admitted in the department of Pediatrics, Chonnam University Hospital from January 1996 to March 2002 were enrolled....
A Study of Factors Affecting Time of First Stool in Premature Infants
Hyeong Doo Cho, Je Woo Kim, Young Ah Lee, Hae Sun Yoon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1999;42(12):1645-1650.   Published online December 15, 1999
Purpose : To assess the effect of gestational age and illness severity, and the effect of antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate, glucocorticoids, and antibiotics, on the timing of the first stool in preterm infants. Methods : Medical records of all preterm infants admitted to the neonatal ward at Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital between March 1998 and August 1998 were reviewed. We...
Anthropometric Measurement of Newborn in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Kyung Hoon Kang, Seong Won Yang, Hye Kyung Han, Woo Gill Lee, Mi Na Lee, Hak Chul Jang, Il Soon Hwang, Eun Sung Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1999;42(3):339-347.   Published online March 15, 1999
Purpose : To find the anthropometric characteristics of newborn in women with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM), and the relationship between the birth weight and anthropometric measurements of newborn, maternal body habitus and glycemic control in GDM group. Methods : Maternal weight, height, and obstetric history of 82 women with GDM and 93 women with normal glucose tolerance were recorded at the...
The Study of Transplacental Transfer of Immunoglobulin G in Premature Infants
Sung Soo Moon, Yoon Ki Kang, Soo Chul Cho, Jung Soo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1998;41(6):747-753.   Published online June 15, 1998
Purpose : Premature infants have low serum immunoglobulin G(IgG) levels because IgG is transplacentally acquired, primarily after 32-34 weeks of gestational age. We studied the transplacental transfer of serum IgG in preterm infants. Methods : The IgG levels in the sera were measured by radial immunodiffusion method(Behring nephelometer, Germany). Results : There was a significant difference between IgG concentration and gestational age; the IgG concentration increased...
The Perinatal Complications in Infants of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Ju Yeon Yeo, Seong Won Yang, Hye Kyung Han, Mi Ryung Um, Woo Gill Lee, Mi Na Lee, Hak Chul Jang, Ho Yeon Jung, Eun Sung Kim, Kyu Byung Jung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(6):809-917.   Published online June 15, 1997
Purpose : This study was performed to examine the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on perinatal outcomes, especially macrosomia and metabolic complications in Korean women. Methods : We studied perinatal outcomes of 65 women with GDM who delivered a singleton infant and were not complicated by medical disease that might effect the fetal growth, 65 women with normal glucose tolerance were selected to match subject...
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