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Original Article
Clinical study of urinary tract infection, natural courses, and prenatal ultrasonographic results according to the grades of hydronephrosis
Jee-Hee Lee, Jun-Woo Kim, Ji-Eun Yoon, Tae-Sun Ha
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):917-921.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:Although renal ultrasonography (USG) has improved the detection rate of hydronephrosis (HN), its clinical courses and postnatal management remains controversial. Here, we reviewed the clinical features of patients with HN according to the grades. Methods:We retrospectively studied 207 patients who were regularly followed-up among 367 patients with HN detected by renal USG postnatally between April 1998 and December 2007. These patients were grouped...
Outcomes of the arterial switch operation in complete transposition of the great arteries
Min Jung Cho, Ji Ae Park, Hyoung Doo Lee, Si Chan Sung, Ki Seok Choo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):910-916.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:The arterial switch operation (ASO) has become the preferred procedure for the surgical management of transposition of the great arteries (TGA). We conducted a retrospective evaluation of our experience in 30 patients seen from January 2003 to July 2008, in order to determine outcomes and related risk factors after the arterial switch operation. Methods:Patients charts, surgical reports, and echocardiograms were retrospectively reviewed. And...
Pulmonary tuberculosis misdiagnosed as lung Metastasis in childhood cancer patients
Hyun Rae KK, Dong Whand Lim, Kang Min, Kyung Duk Park, Jun Ah Lee, Soo Yeon Cho, Yoon Hoh Kook, Hee Youn Kim, Dong Ho Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):904-909.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:The differential diagnosis for a pulmonary nodule is intriguing in cancer patients. Metastasis might be a preferential diagnosis, and yet possibilities of other medical conditions still exist. Pulmonary tuberculosis should be enlisted in the differential diagnosis for a pulmonary nodule in cancer patients in Korea. This study was aimed at analyzing the incidence and clinical features of pulmonary tuberculosis that were misdiagnosed as...
Predictive factors for severe infection among febrile infants younger than three months of age
Eun Young Cho, Hwa Song, Ae Suk Kim, Sun Ju Lee, Dong Seok Lee, Doo Kwun Kim, Sung Min Choi, Kwan Lee, Byoung Chan Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):898-903.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:This study investigated the predictive factors for identifying infection-prone febrile infants younger than three months. Methods:We conducted a retrospective study of 167 infants younger than three months with an axillary temperature >38℃ who were hospitalized between 2006 and 2008. If they met any of the following criteria, positive blood culture, CSF WBC ≥ 11/mm3 or positive CSF culture, urinalysis WBC ≥6/HPF and positive...
The effects of neonatal ventilator care or maternal chorioamnionitis on the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Ki Tae Yun, Whan Dong Lee, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):893-897.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:Advances in neonatal intensive care have improved the survival rate of low-birth-weight infants, but mild bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) with the accompanying need for prolonged oxygen supplement remains problematic. Maternal chorioamnionitis and neonatal ventilator care affect the development of BPD. This study aimed to examine whether maternal chorioamnionitis or neonatal ventilator care affect the development of BPD dependently or independently. Methods:We performed a retrospective study...
Readmission of late preterm infants after discharge from nursery
Myo Jing Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):888-892.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:To evaluate the risk factors for hospital readmission during the neonatal period among late preterm infants who were discharged after nursery care. Methods:In this retrospective study, we reviewed medical records of 135 late preterm infants readmitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) during the neonatal period, after discharge from nursery of IL Sin Christian Hospital from January 2003 to December 2008. We compared...
Changes in the outcomes of neonatal intensive care unit at a single center over 12 years
Hyun-Hee Lee, Tae-Yeon Kim, Seon-Hee Shin, Tae-Jung Sung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):881-887.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:The survival rate of very low birth weight infant (VLBWI) had increased as a result of advances in neonatal intensive care. We evaluated the changes in outcomes of VLBWI who admitted to the neonatal care unit of Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital. Methods:Retrospective review of 339 VLBWI who were born from 1st January 1997 to 31th December 2008 were performed. Outcomes including survival...
A study on the incidence of anemia according to feeding patterns and the status of weaning diet
Hyun Ji Kim, Mee Yong Shin, Sung Shin Kim, Jae Ock Park, Chang Hwi Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):875-880.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:Iron-deficiency anemia remains the most common nutritional deficiency in young infants. This study aimed to survey the actual condition of feeding patterns and weaning diet and to study the association between these factors and the prevalence of anemia in infants aged over 9 months. Methods:We studied 171 infants aged 9-24 months who were hospitalized in the general ward with mild to moderate acute illnesses....
Short-lasting headaches in children and adolescents
Young-il Rho
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):869-874.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:Short attacks of headache are present in the pediatric age group. Short-lasting headaches (SLH) have been infrequently reported in children and adolescents. This study aims to assess the prevalence, clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of short-lasting headaches in children and adolescents. Methods:One hundred twenty-three consecutive patients attended the Chosun University Hospital Headache Center between March 2006 and July 2007. Among 123 headache patients, 44...
Review Article
Novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza
Jina Lee, Hoan Jong Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):862-868.   Published online August 15, 2009
Since its identification in April 2009, a swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus (S-OIV) which is a reassortment of gene segments from both North American triple-reassortant and Eurasian swine influenza has been widely spread among humans in unexpected rapidity. To date, each gene segment of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) outbreak viruses have shown high (99.9%) neucleotide sequence identity. As of July 6, 94,512...
Brain death and organ transplantation
Sang-Ook Nam
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):856-861.   Published online August 15, 2009
Cardiopulmonary arrest has long been accepted as an unquestionable definition of death. An advent of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and artificial ventilation along with the development of organ transplantation has prompted the emergence of the concept of brain death. The criteria for brain death are based mainly on the clinical examination of coma, apnea and total loss of brain stem function. Although organ transplantation by...
What can we do for dying neonate in NICU?
Chung-Sik Chun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):851-855.   Published online August 15, 2009
Death is not only a medical problem; it is also an ethical problem. When doctors face a dying neonate, their knowledge of bioethics and the opinions of ethical specialists and religious leaders are helpful for them and the family of the dying baby. In recent years, due to the increase of surviving babies who have suffered from severe illness, those born too...
The change of perspective on brain death, euthanasia and withdrawal of the life supporting medical treatments in Korea for pediatric patients
Ivo Kwon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):843-850.
A recent High Court's decision regarding the withdrawal of life supporting medical treatment (artificial ventilator) from an elderly female patient in the terminal stage has opened up a new era of the "euthanasia dispute" in Korea. With this decision, the legitimate withdrawal of life supporting treatment became possible under certain conditions and the Korean Medical Association is working toward the establishment of practical...
Case Report
Plastic bronchitis in children: 2 cases
Yeo Hyang Kim, Hee Jung Choi, Jung Ok Kim, Myung Chul Hyun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):832-836.   Published online July 15, 2009
Plastic bronchitis is a rare disorder characterized by the formation of extensive, obstructing endobronchial casts. It is associated with asthma and complex cardiac defects such as those requiring the Fontan procedure. The treatment of plastic bronchitis comprises conventional therapy involving spontaneous expectoration and bronchoscopic removal and specific therapy with several new drugs. Herein, we describe the cases of 2 patients...
Original Article
Functional recovery after transplantation of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in immature rats
Wooksun Choi, Hye Kyung Shin, So-Hee Eun, Hoon Chul Kang, Sung Won Park, Kee Hwan Yoo, Young Sook Hong, Joo Won Lee, Baik-Lin Eun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):824-831.   Published online July 15, 2009
Purpose : We aimed to investigate the efficacy of and functional recovery after intracerebral transplantation of different doses of mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs) in immature rat brain with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods : Postnatal 7-days-old Sprague-Dawley rats, which had undergone unilateral HI operation, were given stereotaxic intracerebral injections of either vehicle or mMSCs and then tested for locomotory activity in...
A study of the frequency and characteristics of minor clinical manifestations in children with atopic dermatitis
Ji Eun Cho, You Hoon Jeon, Hyeon Jong Yang, Bok Yang Pyun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):818-823.   Published online July 15, 2009
Purpose : We aimed to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of minor clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Korean children to aid the diagnosis and treatment of AD. Methods : From April 2007 to December 2007, we enrolled 106 children (aged 1 month [infants] to 15 years) diagnosed with AD at the Pediatric Allergy Respiratory Center in Soonchunhyang University Hospital....
Effects of inhaled corticosteroids on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in children with asthma
Ic Sun Choi, Jung Hye Byeon, Seung Min Lee, Kyong Suk La, Yeon Joung Oh, Young Yoo, Kee Hyoung Lee, Ji Tae Choung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):811-817.   Published online July 15, 2009
Purpose : Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are used as first-line agents for the treatment of persistent asthma; however, their use is accompanied by apprehension of potential systemic adverse effects. This study aimed to assess the effects of ICS on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism in children with asthma. Methods : From February 2008 to September 2008, 26 asthmatic children treated...
Ictal single-photon emission computed tomography with slow dye injection for determining primary epileptic foci in infantile spasms
Yun Jung Hur, Joon Soo Lee, Hoon Chul Kang, Hye Jung Park, Mi Jin Yun, Heung Dong Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):804-810.   Published online July 15, 2009
Purpose : We investigated whether ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with prolonged injection of technetium-99m (99mTc) ethyl cysteinate dimer during repeated spasms can localize the epileptogenic foci in children with infantile spasms. Methods : Fourteen children with infantile spasms (11 boys, 3 girls; mean age, 2.2¡¾1.3 years) were examined. When a cluster of spasms was detected during video electroencephalography (EEG)...
Effectiveness of head-up tilt test for the diagnosis of syncope in children and adolescents
Ka-Young Yu, Ji-Hye Choi, Chun Ja Yoo, Kyoung Suk Rhee, Chan Uhng Joo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):798-803.   Published online July 15, 2009
Purpose : We aimed to examine the effectiveness of the head-up tilt test (HUT) for the diagnosis of syncope or presyncope in children and adolescents. Methods : HUT results and clinical features of 160 children and adolescents with syncope or presyncope were studied from May 2003 through March 2008 at the Chonbuk National University Hospital. The children and adolescents were subjected...
Salmonellosis in children: Analysis of 72 Salmonella-positive culture cases during the last 10 years
Sung Hoon Noh, Ka Young Yu, Jung Soo Kim, Pyoung Han Hwang, Dae Sun Jo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):791-797.   Published online July 15, 2009
Purpose : We aimed to investigate the clinical manifestations of and antibiotic resistance in culture-proven childhood salmonellosis. Methods : Clinical manifestations and laboratory data of and antibiotic use in subjects with culture-proven childhood salmonellosis, who were treated at the Chonbuk National University Hospital between September 1998 and August 2008, were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with underlying diseases or concomitant illnesses were excluded. Results...
Risk factor of influenza virus infection to febrile convulsions and recurrent febrile convulsions in children
Jae Won Moon, Jang Hee Kang, Hyun Ji Kim, Soon Ok Byun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):785-790.   Published online July 15, 2009
Purpose : Febrile convulsions are a common pediatric neurological disease, and it is important to prevent such a disease by controlling the risk factors that may recur. A recent report states that influenza virus infections have a high probability of a relationship with febrile convulsions; therefore, it is necessary to identify the clinical properties of febrile convulsions in relation to...
A study on the toilet training and influencing factors
Eun Ok Kim, Sang Hyun Yun, Young Taek Jang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):778-784.   Published online July 15, 2009
Purpose : We aimed to determine the ideal age for initiating toilet training and investigate the factors influencing the training. Methods : The study population comprised 1,370 children aged 2-6 years, who visited the pediatric clinics in Jeonju, Iksan, and Gunsan. Their parents were given questionnaires in order to gather data about the types of diapers used, ages when toilet training...
Assessment of children with developmental delay: Korean infant and child development test (KICDT) and Korean Bayley scale of infant development-II (K-BSID-II)
Ji-Hoon Kim, Mi-Sun Yum, Soo-Jin Jeong, Tae-Sung Ko
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):772-777.   Published online July 15, 2009
Purpose : We aimed to compare the effectiveness of 2 developmental tests-Korean Infant and Child Development Test (KICDT) and Korean Bayley Scale of Infant Development-II (K-BSID-II)-in the assessment of children with developmental delay. Methods : Twenty-eight children with suspected developmental delay, who visited the Department of Pediatrics in Asan Medical Center from February 2007 to June 2008 were enrolled. They were...
Serum leptin, adiponectin and resistin levels in obese children and their correlations with insulin resistance
Min Young Park, Sun A Ahn, Won Kyoung Cho, Kyoung Soon Cho, So Hyun Park, Seung Hoon Hahn, Min Ho Jung, Byung-Kyu Suh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):766-771.   Published online July 15, 2009
Purpose : The objective of this study was to compare the levels of adipocytokines in obesity group with those in control group and examine their correlation with insulin resistance. Methods : We enrolled 36 obese children (male:female [M:F]=17:19; age, 9.3±1.9 yrs) with ≥95th percentile body mass indexes (BMIs) (obesity group) and 35 healthy children (M:F=16:19; age, 9.1±2.1 yrs) with 25th-75th percentile...
Review Article
How to write a medical paper: an introduction
Jin-Bok Hwang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):756-765.   Published online July 15, 2009
This paper aims to provide an introduction to junior authors on how to write a medical paper in a clearer and more scientific manner. One important thing to be always remembered is that the reviewer and the reader will be reading your paper for the first time, and thus, you should make it as lucid as possible. You should pay...
Hypertension in children and adolescents
Jo Won Jung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):745-751.   Published online July 15, 2009
Hypertension is a major risk factor for myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality in adults; its treatment reduces the risk of cardiovascular events. In recent times, attention is being paid to monitoring of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood. Childhood hypertension is associated with hypertension in later life, and early intervention is important. In the Korean socioeconomic background, a rapid...
Metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents
Young Mi Hong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):737-744.   Published online July 15, 2009
Metabolic syndrome (MS) in children and adolescents has become a global public health problem. MS among Korean children and adolescents has been increasing significantly over the past decade. This paper aims to provide the currently available information on the MS in children and adolescents. This review focuses on the definition, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology and pathophysiology which may be helpful for...
Erratum
Relationship between ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and cardiac function
Young-Hwan Song
Accepted January 1, 1970  
It is well known that hemodynamic load is one of the most important determinants of cardiac structure and function. Circadian variations in blood pressure (BP) are usually accompanied by consensual changes in peripheral resistance and/or cardiac output. In recent years, reduction in circadian variations in BP and, in particular, loss of nocturnal decline of BP were observed in hypertensive patients...
Case Report
Unrelated stem cell transplantation after reduced-intensity conditioning plus rituximab for Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with CNS involvement
Hee Jo Baek, Hoon Kook, Dong Kyun Han, Min-Cheol Lee, Tae Woong Jeong, Tai Ju Hwang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(6):725-729.   Published online June 15, 2009
Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH) with central nervous system (CNS) involvement is usually fatal unless stem cell transplant (SCT) is offered. However, SCT with conventional intensity conditioning is associated with high transplant-related mortality. We describe our experience with unrelated SCTs after reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) for patients with EBV-HLH with progressive CNS disease. This approach was associated with minimal toxicities and...
A Korean familial case of hereditary complement 7 deficiency
Moon Kyu Ki, Kyung Yul Lee, Jun Hwa Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(6):721-724.   Published online June 15, 2009
Meningococcal infections can be associated with abnormalities of the complement system, which contains 5 terminal complement proteins. Furthermore, deficiencies in 1 of these 5, complement component 7 (C7), leads to the loss of complement lytic function, and affected patients show increased susceptibility to recurrent meningococcal meningitis and systemic Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. In September 2003, an 11-year-old female patient presented at...
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