Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Clinical Note

General Pediatrics

Aplasia cutis congenita with unique vascular malformation and cranial hypoplasia: a case in a preterm infant

Yasufumi Sakata, Natsumi Fujii, Sadahiro Nomura, Yoshihiro Azuma, Hiroki Hamano, Hidenobu Kaneyasu, Seigo Okada, Kazumasa Takahashi, Shunji Hasegawa

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):472-474. Published online March 11, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01998

Original Article

General Pediatrics

The role of serum zinc and selenium levels in etiology of febrile seizures

Yavuz Ataş, Hatice Gamze Poyrazoğlu

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(5):388-394. Published online January 13, 2025

Zinc may play a key role in preventing febrile seizures by increasing the seizure threshold and reducing oxidative stress. Incorporating zinc supplements into treatment could help protect children from the adverse effects of febrile seizures and improve their overall outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01410

Editorial

General Pediatrics

Global breastfeeding efforts: a long way to go

Hye-Jung Shin

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(4):300-302. Published online November 13, 2024

· Despite much effort, breastfeeding practices remain unsatisfactory worldwide.
· Effective breastfeeding-promoting interventions are needed that are appropriate for age, culture, and social environment.
· Interventions can promote breastfeeding, especially in younger populations such as adolescent mothers.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.01361

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding dengue vaccine: a baseline study of community members and health providers in Indonesia

Abdul Wahab, Ida Safitri Laksanawati, Retna Siwi Padmawati, Asal Wahyuni Erlin Mulyadi, Wahyu Triadmajani, Jarir At Thobari

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(3):228-237. Published online November 13, 2024

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: Do community members and health providers show different level of knowledge, attitude, and practice towards dengue vaccine?
Finding: These 2 groups only differed in practice component, while the knowledge and attitude constituents were relatively low for both.
Meaning: There is an urgent need to deliver educational interventions to raise awareness of community members and health providers regarding dengue vaccination.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00962

Review Article

General Pediatrics

Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in Malaysia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ker Yang Chua, Ker Yung Chua, Karuthan Chinna, Chooi Ling Lim, Maheeka Seneviwickrama

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):115-126. Published online November 13, 2024

The incidence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide. National surveys in Malaysia have shown similar trends. This review aimed to increase our understanding of the prevalence and associated factors of childhood overweight, obesity, and excess weight in Malaysia. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted of studies reporting the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Malaysian children aged <18 years....

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00899

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Role of proper postnatal care in continued exclusive breastfeeding among young Indonesian mothers

Wahyu Triadmajani, Shinta Prawitasari, Abdul Wahab

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(12):686-693. Published online September 12, 2024

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: Is proper postnatal care (PNC) associated with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practice among young Indonesian mothers?
Finding: Proper PNC elevates the likelihood of EBF among Indonesian adolescent mothers aged 15–19 years.
Meaning: Breastfeeding services should be provided during the early postnatal period to support EBF practice among adolescent mothers. High-quality PNC is a tailored intervention for vulnerable populations.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00815

Nonpharmacological interventions for managing postoperative pain and anxiety in children: a randomized controlled trial

Edlin Glane Mathias, Mamatha Shivananda Pai, Vijay Kumar, Dinesh Narayanakurup, Malavika Kulkarni, Vasudeva Guddattu, Ann-Cathrine Bramhagen, Baby S Nayak, Anice George

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(12):677-685. Published online October 31, 2024

Question: What is the effect of nonpharmacological interventions on postoperative pain and anxiety among children.
Finding: Nurse-provided distraction interventions reduce pain and anxiety among pediatric surgical patients.
Meaning: The findings suggest that nonpharmacological interventions provided postoperatively to children reduce their pain and anxiety levels.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01690

Review Article

General Pediatrics

Protecting our future: environmental hazards and children’s health in the face of environmental threats: a comprehensive overview

Jungha Lee, Hyo-Bin Kim, Hun-Jong Jung, Myunghee Chung, So Eun Park, Kon-Hee Lee, Won Seop Kim, Jin-Hwa Moon, Jung Won Lee, Jae Won Shim, Sang Soo Lee, Yunkoo Kang, Young Yoo; The Environmental Health Committee of the Korean Pediatric Society

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(11):589-598. Published online October 31, 2024

Web of Science 1 Crossref 3

· Exposure to air pollutants cause allergic and respiratory diseases as well as chronic kidney disease.
· Adequate physical activity and proper nutrition are essential for children to maintain good health.
· We must educate people about the harmful effects of noise, blue light, heavy metals and smoke.
· Government and society must actively decrease environ-mental hazards.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01578

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Effect of online infant care training and postpartum counseling based on Meleis' transition theory on mothers' readiness for care and breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial

Fatma Şule Bilgiç, Gülçin Bozkurt

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(10):521-530. Published online September 27, 2024

Question: Do interventions based on Meleis' transition theory affect mothers' readiness for baby care and breastfeeding?
Findings: We found a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in mothers' readiness for newborn care and breastfeeding (P<0.001).
Meaning: This intervention increased breastfeeding rates while ensuring that mothers were ready to care for their babies and prepared for the role of motherhood.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00423

Review Article

General Pediatrics

Metabolic complications of obesity in children and adolescents

Hyunjin Park, Jung Eun Choi, Seunghee Jun, Hyelim Lee, Hae Soon Kim, Hye Ah Lee, Hyesook Park

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(7):347-355. Published online November 16, 2023

Web of Science 8 Crossref 10

· Pediatric obesity increases the risk of metabolic complications (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) and long-term cardiovascular diseases.
· A new obesity definition and various indicators (continuous metabolic syndrome score, pediatric simple metabolic syndrome score, fatty liver index) have been proposed to evaluate children’s susceptibility to metabolic disorders.
· Laboratory and body composition tests in pediatric screenings can identify groups at high risk of metabolic complications of obesity.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00892

Letter to the Editor

General Pediatrics

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in anemic children before versus after age 2 years: a form of hidden hunger in India

Sahil Goel, Ruchika Bhatnagar, Anita Kumari, Brig Prem Lochan Prasad, Lahar Sahai

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):116-118. Published online January 24, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01347

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Virtual reality for pain reduction during intravenous injection in pediatrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials

Ensiyeh Jenabi, Saeid Bashirian, Amir Mohammad Salehi, Masoud Rafiee, Mozhdeh Bashirian

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(12):533-537. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 3 Crossref 4

Question: This is the first meta-analysis to examine published evidence of the effectiveness of virtual reality at reducing pain during pediatric intravenous injections.
Finding: Our results suggest that virtual reality effectively reduces pain associated with intravenous injections in pediatric patients.
Meaning: These findings suggest the importance of virtual reality in decreasing the pain of intravenous injections among children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01193

Correspondence

General Pediatrics

Letter to the editor: Age-, sex-, and height-based blood pressure reference charts, Yazd children 6-18 years, Iran

Amar Taksande

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(9):412-413. Published online October 27, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.02103

Review Article

General Pediatrics

Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST): development, applications, and implications for future early childhood development interventions

Dooyoung Kim, Young June Choe, Bilal Aurang Zeb Durrani, EunYoung Kim, Junghye Byeon, Baik-Lin Eun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(7):288-293. Published online December 22, 2022

Web of Science 16 Crossref 16

· This review discusses the development and application of the Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST) for ensuring early childhood development.
· Various studies have demonstrated the integral role of the K-DST in facilitating the detection of developmental delays and delivery of timely interventions.
· The tailoring of the K-DST to Korean infants and children suggests that other countries may further translate and adapt it.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00906

Motor performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: focus on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency

Khushboo Prashant Adhvaryu, Suruliraj Karthikbabu, Pratiksha Tilak Rao

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(11):512-520. Published online February 17, 2022

Web of Science 8 Crossref 7

· Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tend to have impaired motor performance that may affect their growth and development.
· Although widely used among children with developmental disorders, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) is used sparsely among children with ADHD.
· Assessment by the BOTMP increases our understanding of the motor repertoire of children with ADHD.
· Wider usage of the BOTMP will enable more comprehensive planning of rehabilitation goals to enhance the motor abilities of children with ADHD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00962

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Effect of 2–6 weeks of systemic steroids on bone mineral density in children

Athira Kuniyil, Somdipa Pal, Namrita Sachdev, Tribhuvan Pal Yadav

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):254-261. Published online November 18, 2021

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Question: Does steroid use for 2–6 weeks in children affect bone mineral content (BMC) or density (BMD)?
Finding: Steroid use for 2–6 weeks significantly decreased BMC and BMD of the whole body, total body less the head, lumbar spine, and distal radius. A significant negative correlation was observed among BMD, duration, and cumulative dose.
Meaning: Steroid use for 2–6 weeks in children negatively affected BMC and BMD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00045

Clinical note

General Pediatrics

Diabetic ketoacidosis in children induced by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diabetic ketoacidosis post-COVID-19 in children

Neha Thakur, Narendra Rai

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):209-210. Published online November 30, 2021

Web of Science 2 Crossref 4

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00941

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Early initiation of breastfeeding and factors associated with its delay among mothers at discharge from a single hospital

J. Jenifer Florence Mary, R. Sindhuri, A. Arul Kumaran, Amol R. Dongre

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):201-208. Published online October 18, 2021

Web of Science 12 Crossref 13

Background: According to the National Family Health Survey– 4, in India, 78.9% of deliveries occur in institutions, although only 42.6% of new mothers initiate breastfeeding within 1 hour of delivery.
Purpose: To estimate the proportion of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) among new mothers at discharge from a tertiary care hospital and identify the determinants of delayed initiation of breastfeeding among...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00129

Gross motor dysfunction and balance impairments in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: a systematic review

Preyal D. Jain, Akshatha Nayak, Shreekanth D. Karnad, Kaiorisa N. Doctor

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(3):142-149. Published online June 11, 2021

Web of Science 20 Crossref 21

Question: What are the primary motor and balance dysfunctions in children with Down syndrome?
Finding: These individuals have gross delays, altered balance, and inefficient compensatory mechanisms.
Meaning: Neuromuscular and musculoskeletal impairments due to the chromosomal abnormality lead to developmental delay. These children also exhibit poor balance with greater instability and inefficient compensatory mechanisms including altered center of pressure displacement and trunk stiffening that predisposes them to falls.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00479

Effect of maternal and child factors on stunting: partial least squares structural equation modeling

Agus Santosa, Essa Novanda Arif, Dinal Abdul Ghoni

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(2):90-97. Published online May 4, 2021

Web of Science 16 Crossref 24

Question: What effects do maternal and child factors have on stunting? Are there significant indicators of stunting?
Finding: Child and maternal factors had 49.8% and 30.3% effects on stunting, respectively. The primary child factor was infant formula dose, while the primary maternal factor was nutritional status.
Meaning: More attention to nutritional status during pregnancy and ensuring the appropriate dose of infant formula at ages 6–24 months can prevent stunting.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00094

Review Article

General Pediatrics

A new perspective on cholesterol in pediatric health: association of vitamin D metabolism, respiratory diseases, and mental health problems

Jeana Hong

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(2):65-72. Published online December 9, 2021

Web of Science 3 Crossref 1

∙ Pediatric dyslipidemia is associated with several health problems besides cardiovascular diseases.
∙ There is a direct association between pediatric dyslipidemia and low serum vitamin D levels, asthma, and mental health problems regardless of body mass index.
∙ More large-scale nationally representative studies are needed to establish the appropriate cutoff points for the definition of dyslipidemia that is a prerequisite for further epidemiological studies in the Korean pediatric population.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00934

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Global relationship between parent and child obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ju Suk Lee, Mi Hyeon Jin, Hae Jeong Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(1):35-46. Published online March 29, 2021

Web of Science 36 Crossref 41

Question: Are parent and child obesity correlated worldwide?
Finding: Overweight and obese status of parents and children were significantly associated worldwide. The association between parent and child obesity was stronger in Asia than in Europe and the Middle East, and in high-income than in middle- and low-income countries.
Meaning: Childhood obesity is highly influenced by parental weight status, indicating that parents could play an important role in its prevention.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01620

Editorial

General Pediatrics

Is it time to add point-of-care ultrasound education to pediatric residency curriculum?

Shin Ae Yoon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(1):33-34. Published online October 12, 2021

Crossref 1

Growing point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) use in pediatric patients has led to the need for POCUS education for pediatric residents. Recent experimental studies have suggested that POCUS education improves self-rated POCUS confidence and comfort in pediatric resident training. Considering the effective and sustainable POCUS education curriculum in pediatric resident training, simulation-based education would be a solution.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01060

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Efficacy of probiotics for managing infantile colic due to their anti-inflammatory properties: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Reza Shirazinia, Ali Akbar Golabchifar, Mohammad Reza Fazeli

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(12):642-651. Published online April 12, 2021

Web of Science 6 Crossref 8

Question: Do probiotics reduce colic symptoms?
Finding: Probiotics reduced colic symptoms in colicky infants probably due to the anti-inflammatory properties.
Meaning: Probiotics may be an effective and less noxious way to manage infantile colic.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01676

Risk factors for childhood pneumonia: a case-control study in a high prevalence area in Indonesia

Vivi Ninda Sutriana, Mei Neni Sitaresmi, Abdul Wahab

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(11):588-595. Published online March 15, 2021

Web of Science 15 Crossref 23

Question: Is the incidence of childhood pneumonia influenced by breastfeeding and basic immunization status?
Finding: Exclusive breastfeeding and complete basic immunization status have an effect in limiting the incidence of childhood pneumonia.
Meaning: While exclusive breastfeeding and complete basic immunization the Expanded Program on Immunization status are important factors for reducing the incidence of childhood pneumonia, indoor air pollution was also a significant risk factor.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00339

Letter to the Editor

General Pediatrics

Skipping breakfast is associated with lifestyle habits among Japanese pupils

Jun Kohyama

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(8):433-435. Published online November 4, 2020

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: Breakfast is important; however, adolescents are increasingly skipping it.
Finding: Skipping breakfast is independently associated with sleepiness, physical inactivity, dinner irregularity, screen time on school days, poor academic performance, after-school activity, and decreased sleep duration before school day.
Meaning: Reducing screen time on school days, after-school activity, and irregular dinner habits might decrease breakfast skipping, resulting in decreased sleepiness and improved academic performance.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01263

Hyperinflammatory syndrome in children during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in sub-Himalayan region

Seema Sharma, Shikha Verma, Isha Bhatia, Ravinder Singh, Mohit Bajaj, Milap Sharma

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(7):370-372. Published online May 11, 2021

Question: Is there an increase in patients with hyperinflammatory syndrome during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic?
Finding: We found 10 patients with hyperinflammatory syndrome with poor outcome during a period of 2 months in a single tertiary care centre.
Meaning: Pediatricians who come across patients with muco cutaneous manifestations and multiorgan involvement should consider hyperinflammatory syndrome. Early recognition and prompt treatment of such patients may result in promising outcome.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.02040

Original Article

General Pediatrics

Significance of the tethered maxillary frenulum: a questionnaire-based observational cohort study

Sody A. Naimer, Ariel Israel, Aviezer Gabbay

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(3):130-135. Published online September 7, 2020

Web of Science 5 Crossref 7

Question: Does a tethered maxillary frenulum in the newborn result in breastfeeding difficulty or other oral symptomatology?
Finding: The analysis of subjects with a tethered maxillary frenulum surveyed beyond a mean 5-year follow-up did not reveal an increase in oral issues versus those of a random agematched control group.
Meaning: These data demonstrate no need to intervene upon the diagnosis of a tethered maxillary frenulum.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00486

Review Article

General Pediatrics

Association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of bone fractures in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Erfan Ayubi, Saeid Safiri, Kamyar Mansori

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(3):96-102. Published online February 5, 2020

Web of Science 10 Crossref 10

Question: What is the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) on the risk of bone fractures in the offspring?
Finding: After the adjustment for misclassification, MSDP may be associated with a 27% increased risk of bone fracture in the offspring (pooled odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.62; I²=0%; P=0.537)
Meaning: Preventive measures and health education programs should be designed and implemented to encourage women to stop smoking, especially during.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2019.01466

Clinical features, diagnosis, and outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with coronavirus disease 2019

Ji Hee Kwak, Soo-Young Lee, Jong-Woon Choi; the Korean Society of Kawasaki Disease

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(2):68-75. Published online December 30, 2020

Web of Science 58 Crossref 61

Hundreds of cases of children and adolescents with hyperinflammatory responses such as Kawasaki disease have been reported amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, leading to coining of the new term COVID-19–associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. In this review article, we introduce the illness and describe its case definitions, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, treatments, and outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01900

Cited By 25	Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants
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Cited By 19	Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among parents of neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Cited By 18	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in children