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Review article
A review of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in endocrine related disorders
Nur Faten Hafizah Rosli, Noor Shafina Mohd Nor, Rose Adzrianee Adnan, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
The endocrine system is a complex network of glands that produce and release hormones that regulate various physiological processes. In the past few decades, the human skin has been identified as an important peripheral endocrine organ that is the main site for the synthesis of vitamin D through exposure to sunlight. Mutations in downstream vitamin D–related gene pathways are associated...
Review Article
Immunology
Systemic autoinflammatory disorders
Dae Chul Jeong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(10):432-438.   Published online June 14, 2023
· Systemic autoinflammatory disorders (SAID) are disorders caused by dysregulation of the innate immunity with genetic background, leading to recurrent episodes of systemic inflammation.
· SAID is characterized by recurrent acute inflammatory responses including fever or skin manifestations, unrelated with infection or malignancy.
· Diagnosis is based on family and long-term history with detailed clinical and laboratory manifestations during febrile periods.
Complement regulation: physiology and disease relevance
Heeyeon Cho
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(7):239-244.   Published online July 22, 2015

The complement system is part of the innate immune response and as such defends against invading pathogens, removes immune complexes and damaged self-cells, aids organ regeneration, confers neuroprotection, and engages with the adaptive immune response via T and B cells. Complement activation can either benefit or harm the host organism; thus, the complement system must maintain a balance between activation...

Case Report
Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess in an immunocompetent child
Jang-Mi Kwon, Hye Lim Jung, Jae Won Shim, Deok Soo Kim, Jung Yeon Shim, Moon Soo Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2013;56(9):407-410.   Published online September 30, 2013

Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged as a leading pathogen that causes pyogenic liver abscesses (PLAs) in Korea. K. pneumoniae liver abscess (KLA) is potentially life threatening, and the diagnosis is difficult. In developed countries, PLA is rarely observed in children and is frequently associated with disorders of granulocyte function and previous abdominal infection. We observed a case of KLA in a...

Review Article
Clinical efficacy and mechanism of probiotics in allergic diseases
Ha-Jung Kim, Hyung Young Kim, So-Yeon Lee, Ju-Hee Seo, Eun Lee, Soo-Jong Hong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2013;56(9):369-376.   Published online September 30, 2013

A complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors partially contributes to the development of allergic diseases by affecting development during prenatal and early life. To explain the dramatic increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases, the hygiene hypothesis proposed that early exposure to infection prevented allergic diseases. The hygiene hypothesis has changed to the microbial hypothesis, in which exposure to...

Neonatal innate immunity and Toll-like receptor
Hye Sun Yoon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(12):985-988.   Published online December 31, 2010

The innate immune response is the first line of defense against microbial infections. Innate immunity is made up of the surface barrier, cellular immunity and humoral immunity. In newborn, immunologic function and demands are different to adults. Neonatal innate immunity specifically suppresses Th1-type immune responses, and not Th2-type immune responses, which are enhanced. And the impaired response of macrophages is...

Recent advance in primary immune deficiency disorders
Hyoung Jin Kan, Hee Young Shin, Hyo Seop Ahn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(6):649-654.   Published online June 15, 2009
The immune system is comprised of cells and molecules whose collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substance is referred to as the immune response. Defense against microbes is mediated by the early reaction (innate immunity) and the late response (adaptive immunity). Innate immunity consists of the epithelial barrier, phagocytes, complement and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity, a...
Original Article
The usefulness of skin test in evaluation of immunity to varicella
Ji-Young Kim, Hye Jeen Lee, Me Jin Kim, Young Ho Kim, Ji A Jung, Seung Yang, Il Tae Hwang, Hae Ran Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(4):377-382.   Published online April 15, 2008
Purpose : The aim of this study is to assess the usefulness of skin test by an inactivated, 1/50 diluted solution of attenuated varicella vaccine in evaluating the immune status to varicella. Methods : Total 41 subjects (22 males, 19 females, aged 1-32 years) were enrolled from July to August, 2005. Past medical history including varicella infection, varicella vaccination were investigated...
Review Article
Autoimmunity
Joong Gon Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(12):1165-1172.   Published online December 15, 2007
Self/non-self discrimination and unresponsiveness to self is the fundamental properties of the immune system. Self-tolerance is a state in which the individual is incapable of developing an immune response to an individual's own antigens and it underlies the ability to remain tolerant of individual's own tissue components. Several mechanisms have been postulated to explain the tolerant state. They can be...
Clinical Lecture
Infection and Innate Immunity
Moo-Young Oh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(11):1153-1161.   Published online November 15, 2005
As known by other name(natural immunity), the innate immune system comprises all those mechanisms for dealing with infection that are constitutive or built in, changing little with age or with experience of infection. Though in some ways less sophisticated than adaptive immunity, innate immunity should not belittled, since it has evidently protected thousands of species of invertebrates sufficiently to survive...
Original Article
Human Leukocyte Antigen(HLA) Genotypes and Thyroid Autoimmunity in Korean Patients with Type 1 Diabetes
So Young Kang, Chung Ho Shin, Sei Won Yang, Myoung Hee Park, Jeesuk Yu
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(6):624-633.   Published online June 15, 2005
Purpose : This study analyzed the expression of HLA-DR and DQ genotypes and anti-thyroid autoantibodies[anti-thyroid peroxidase(TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin(TG) antibodies] in Korean patients with type 1 diabetes(T1DM) to investigate the susceptible HLA alleles to T1DM in Korea and the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies and their significance for the development of thyroid disorders. Methods : A total of 59 Korean patients with type...
Expression of Toll-like Receptor-2 on the Peripheral Blood Monocytes in Kawasaki Disease Patients
Dae Hwan Hwang, Jung Woo Han, Kyung Min Choi, Kyung Mi Shin, Dong Soo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(3):315-320.   Published online March 15, 2005
Objective : Toll like receptor(TLR) is known to be involved in innate immunity. Many microbial antigens stimulate TLR, and as a result of intracellular signal transduction, they activate nuclear factor-kB which produces diverse inflammtory cytokines. Until now, many research topics in Kawasaki disease focused on cytokine increasement. In this study, we aim to reveal TLR increasement which might be associated...
Medical Lecture Course
Role of Mast Cells in Allergic Inflammation and Innate Immunity
Kangmo Ahn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(11):1137-1141.   Published online November 15, 2004
Mast cells play a key role in elicitation of the early-phase and late-phase IgE-mediated allergic inflammatory reactions. Mast cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells from the bone marrow. These cells migrate through circulation into connective tissues and mucosal surfaces where they mature. On the cell surfaces, mast cells have high affinity IgE receptor(FcεRI), which react with specific IgE to...
Innate Immunity and Toll Like Receptors
Kyung Hyo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(1):6-11.   Published online January 15, 2004
Original Article
Relationship between Chest Radiography and Cell-mediated Immunity in Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia
Yong Dae Ham, Jae Il Yoo, Jin Hwa Jeong, Jeong Ho Lee, Jong Dae Cho
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1998;41(11):1509-1516.   Published online November 15, 1998
Purpose : Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonias have been one of the most common causes of lower respiratory tract diseases during childhood. It is suggested that pathologic changes seen in the lung tissues were the histologic expression of the host immune response. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the chest radiographic pattern of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and...
The Effect of Measles Vaccination Before Turning 1 Year-old on the Measles Antibody Response to Immunization with MMR
Soo Jung Choi, Young Jae Koh, Young Mo Soh, Hoan Jong Lee, Sung Hee Oh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1998;41(7):909-916.   Published online July 15, 1998
Purpose : With the implementation of measles vaccination programs, the number of patients with measles has decreased. However, epidemics still occur with high morbidity in infants less than 1 year of age. This fact calls for the establishment of optimal preventive measures against measles. The study was carried out to determine the effect of measles vaccination on an infant immunized...
Changes of Anti-H.influenzae Type b IgG in the Sera of Korean Infants and Children after Birt
Jong Man Park, Keoung Hie Moon, Kyung Mee Lee, Sun Jun Kim, Soo Chul Cho, Jung Soo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(2):181-188.   Published online February 15, 1997
Purpose : Most of invasive Haemophilus influenzae diseases occur in children under 5 years of age, and are due almost exclusively to type b strain. Although antibodies to several surface antigens of H.influenzae play a role in conferring immunity, antibody to the type b capsular polysaccharide appeared to have the most important protective functions. However, the antibody response to vaccines or natural...
Placental Transfer of Anti-H. influenzae Type b Specific IgG and IgG Subclasses
Soo Hee Chang, Moon Hwan Lee, Pyoung Han Hwang, Soo Chul Cho, Jung Soo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1995;38(12):1638-1644.   Published online December 15, 1995
Purpose : Haemophilus injluenzae type b (Hib) is one of the most important causes of invasive bacterial diseases in infants and children. In Korea, however, the proportion occupied by Hib as a cause of pediatric pathogen seems to be less compared to those of western countries. This study was performed to provide the epidemiologic and immunologic basis of H influenzae type...
Case Report
A Case of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Byoung Geun Lee, Soo Hee Chang, Soo Young Cho, Pyoung Han Hwang, Jung Soo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1994;37(11):1615-1619.   Published online November 15, 1994
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome is an X-linked disorder characterized by recurrent infection, thrombocytopenia and eczema. Various defects in cell-mediated immunity and deficient antibody response to carbohydrate antigens have been described. We experienced a case of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome of 28 months old male patient. He has been suffered from multiple petechiae with bleeding, recurrent pyogenic infections and generalized eczema since 3 months of...
Original Article
The Effects of RU 41.740, a Glycoprotein Extract from Klebsiella pneumoniae, on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Moon Kyu Kim, Dong Soo Kim, Hyun Ok Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1992;35(8):1066-1072.   Published online August 15, 1992
RU 41.740 is extract of Klebsiella pneumoniae K2O1 stain with immunomodulatory properties. It was composed of two glycoproteins, each being 31 KD and 33 KD in their molecular weight, on SDS-PAGE analysis. RU 41.740 was observed to augment cell mediated immunity of human peripheral blood mononulear cells measured by tritiated thymidine uptake method. Maximal augmentation was observed after 72 hours...
The effect of dietary fats of immune response in sublethally irradiated rats.
Soon Hwan Oh, Dong Soo Kim, Hae Won Nam, Juhn Kyu Loh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1991;34(11):1494-1504.   Published online November 30, 1991
To investigate the effect of dietary fats on cellular immune response in the immunosuppressed rats, different compositions in the quality and quantity of dietary fats were fed to sublethally irradiated male rats. The results are as follows; 1) After 2 weeks of irradiation, the mean body weight of the fat free dietary group was significant- ly lower than the com oil group. The organ weight, especially...
Effect of dietary fats on immune response in rats.
Soon Hwan Oh, Dong Soo Kim, Hae Won Nam
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1991;34(10):1334-1345.   Published online October 31, 1991
To investigate the effect of dietary fats on the humoral and cellular immune response, different compositions in the quality and quantity of dietary fats were fed to male rats. The results are as follows; 1) The mean body weights of the rats which were fed the various dietary fats were not significant during the experimental period. The weights of the organs measured were the spleen,...
The Transfer of IgG-Subclasses From Mother to Fetus in the Korean Population.
Goo Sang Kim, Sang Il Lee, Ka Young Chang, Kwang Ho Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1989;32(12):1650-1660.   Published online December 31, 1989
Normal IgG is now divided into four subclasses; IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. Each subclass has its unique characteristics. The different subclass compositions of antibodies are raised in humans against different immunogenic materials such as vaccinations or microoraganisms. All the IgG subclasses are reported to be transferable from mother to fetus through the placenta, but there have been some controversies in case of IgG2. For...