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Review article
Microplastic and human health with focus on pediatric well-being: a comprehensive review and call for future studies
Rogers Wainkwa Chia, Venant Atem Ntegang, Jin-Yong Lee, Jihye Cha
Although humans are highly dependent on plastics from infancy to adolescence, these materials can degrade into ubiquitous microplastics (MPs) that affect individuals at every stage of life. However, information on the sources, mechanisms, detection techniques, and detrimental effects of MPs on children’s health from infancy to adolescence is limited. Hence, here we identified and reviewed original research papers published in...
Case Report
Genetics and Metabolism
Maternal 3-methylcrotonyl-coenzyme A carboxylase deficiency with elevated 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine in breast milk
Kyung Lae Cho, Yeo Jin Kim, Song Hyun Yang, Gu-Hwan Kim, Jun Hwa Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(Suppl 1):S41-S44.   Published online November 30, 2016

We report here a case of maternal 3-methylcrotonyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (3-MCC) deficiency in a Korean woman. Her 2 infants had elevated 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine (C5-OH) on a neonatal screening test by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), but normal results were found on urine organic acid analysis. The patient was subjected to serial testing and we confirmed a maternal 3-MCC deficiency by blood...

Review Article
Enteral nutrition of the premature infant
Su Jin Cho
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(1):7-13.   Published online January 15, 2010
Early nutritional support for preterm infants is critical because such support influences long-term outcome. Minimal enteral feeding should be initiated as soon as possible if an infant is stable and if feeding advancement is recommended as relevant to the clinical course. Maternal milk is the gold standard for enteral feeding, but fortification may be needed to achieve optimal growth in...
Case Report
Postnatal cytomegalovirus infection in an extremely premature infant transmitted via breast milk: A case report
Ji Hye Kim, Eun-Jin Chung, Hyun Kyung Park, Soo Ji Moon, Su-Mi Choi, Sung Hee Oh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(9):1053-1058.   Published online September 15, 2009
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most commonly encountered viral pathogens in newborn infants and is found in 0.3-2.4% of all live births. It has been demonstrated that 40-96% of seropositive mothers shed the virus via their breast milk. Breast milk containing CMV can cause almost one-third of CMV infections occurring in infants. A case of postnatal CMV infection in...
Original Article
Growth and clinical efficacy of fortified human milk and premature formula on very low birth weight infants
Heewon Chueh, Myo Jing Kim, Young-A Lee, Jin-A Jung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(7):704-712.   Published online July 15, 2008
Purpose : A prospective, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate growth, efficacy, safety and nutritional status for very low birth weight infants fed with human milk fortified with Maeil human milk fortifier (Maeil HMF ; Maeil Dairies Co., Ltd.). Methods : We enrolled 45 premature infants with a birth weight <1,500 g and gestational age <33 weeks, who were born at...
The relationship between Gly71Arg and TATA box polymorphism of UGT1A1 gene and prolonged hyperbilirubinemia of breast milk feeding infant in Korean
Jae Myoung Lee, Young Ji Han, Ji Sook Kim, Eun Ryoung Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(2):150-155.   Published online February 15, 2008
Purpose : It has been known that breast milk cause prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. UGT1A1 is a important gene of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) which has a major role of bilirubin metabolism. These findings suggest that there is a relationship between UGT1A1 gene mutation and prolonged jaundice of breast feeding infant. The aim of study was to investigate whether a polymorphism...
Subclinical rickets in breastfed infants
Sin Young Park, Sung Woo Park, Sung Kil Kang, Yong Hoon Jun, Soon Ki Kim, Byong Kwan Son, Jee Eun Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(12):1188-1193.   Published online December 15, 2007
Purpose : The prevalence of rickets in the world is on the rise not only in developing but also in developed countries. In Korea, breastfeeding has increased. There have been few studies on the possible association of rickets with breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to identify the development and the clinical presentation of subclinical rickets in breastfed infants. Methods...
Incidence of breast milk jaundice in healthy full-term infants
Yong Ho Yoon, Kyong Eun Choi, Kyung Ah Kim, Sun Young Ko, Yeon Kyung Lee, Son Moon Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(11):1072-1077.   Published online November 15, 2007
Purpose : It has been described that the incidence of breastfeeding jaundice is 13% and that of breast milk jaundice is 2%. The incidence in Korea was believed to be higher, but there were no studies to prove this assumption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of jaundice of healthy breastfed full-term infants in Korea. Methods :...
Case Report
Effect of cytokines in breast milk on infant during the first two-years of life
Woo Kyung Kim, Hae-Sun Yoon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(9):912-918.   Published online September 15, 2007
Purpose : Breast milk contains several components that provide specific immunity and affect the maturation of the infant's immune system. Allergic disease (AD), including atopic eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy is characterized by an imbalance between cytokines produced by distinct T-helper cell subtypes. The aim of the study was to investigate the concentrations of cytokines and chemokines that...
Original Article
A Follow-up Survey of Mothers' Antenatal Breast-feeding Plans
Hae Soon Kim, Jeong Wan Seo, Yong Joo Kim, Kee Hyoung Lee, Jae Young Kim, Jae Sung Ko, Sun Hwan Bae, Hye Sook Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(7):635-641.   Published online July 15, 2003
Purpose : To investigate the success rate and factors that influence breast-feeding among women having antenatal breast-feeding plans. Methods : Questionnaires included items on success in breast-feeding, reasons for failure and perinatal factors. It was done by telephone calls to 152 randomly selected women having antenatal breast-feeding plans at 4 months after delivery. The questionnaires were analysed by bivariate χ2-...
Gastric Emptying Time in Preterm Infents : Comparison between Breast Milk and Formula Milk
Seong Woo Roh, Seong Sook Jeon, Son Sang Seo, Jeong Mi Kwon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1999;42(3):324-331.   Published online March 15, 1999
Purpose : Failure of adequate gastric emptying frequently interferes with successful enteral nutrition in infants. Study of gastric emptying in preterm infants has been hampered by the absence of a suitable and, valid technique, but ultrasonic assessment is well tolerated by infants. The aim of this study is to compare gastric emptying rates of breast milk and formula within preterm...
Bone Mineral Metabolism and Rickets Compared between Fortified Human Milk and Preterm Formula Feeding in Prematurity
Hong Sun Ju, Eun Young Jeong, Seong Sook Jeon, Son Sang Seo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1998;41(11):1476-1483.   Published online November 15, 1998
Purpose : To compare the effect of breast milk containing fortifier with preterm formula on bone mineral metabolism in premature infants, we evaluated the state of bone mineralization, biochemical alteration and the frequency of rickets during the first five months of life. Methods : Fourteen fortified breast milk-fed infants and eleven preterm formula-fed infants who were born at Il-Sin...
The Impact of Prolonged Breast Milk Feeding and Large Amount of Whole Cow's Milk Intake on Iron Status in Early Childhood
Pei Tai Wang, In-sang Jeon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1998;41(4):437-443.   Published online April 15, 1998
Purpose : The Large amounts of whole cow’s milk intake, just followed by prolonged breast milk feeding may induce a severe deficit of iron. We performed this study to investigate the severity of iron deficiency in these subjects. Methods : Seventy-one subjects(12 to 48 months of age) were classified according to history of prolonged breast milk feeding and intake of large amounts of whole...
Assessment of Infantile Mental and Motor Development Influenced by Breast Milk and Formula Feeding
Chul Lee, Min Soo Park, Young Mi Chung, Hye Jung Joo, Kwang-Moon Kim, Dong Gwan Han
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1995;38(3):289-296.   Published online March 15, 1995
Purpose : This study was undertaken to compare the mental and motor development, unsing Bayley Developmental Scale, during infancy(6-8 months of age) according to the choice of feeding, either breast milk of formula, as well as to evaluate its influence on physical growth. Methods : The study population was 43 normal infants between 6 and 8 months of age, of birth...
Anemia due to Prolonged Breast Feeding without Weaning Diet or Supplement Food
Kyung Hee Kim, Kun Rae Lee, Hyun Lee, Yoon Suck Suh, Baek Lin Eun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1993;36(4):528-536.   Published online April 15, 1993
The paramount importance of breast feeding for the health of the infants has been recognized by nutritionists and physicians. Although many advantages of the breast feeding, exclusive breast feeding without weaning diet or supplement food during prolonged period in infants may produce iron deficiency anemia. This study was conducted to find out the hematologic state in exclusively prolonged breast-fed infants among...
A Study on Free Fatty Acid and Albumin Levels in Breast Milk.
Eun Young Kwak, Sang Kee Park, Chang Soo Ra
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1990;33(3):291-298.   Published online March 31, 1990
Breast milk has been the principal roles of feeding infants all over the world. Fatty acid in breast milk is a very important source of energy and a-lactalbumin is a specipic protein that is necessary for optimal growth and development of infants. The free fatty acid and albumin levels in breast milk from 128 korean mothers were analysed from January to August 1988. A...
A Study of Milk β-Glucuronidase Activity in Breast Milk Associating with Neonatal Jaundice.
Soo Chun Kim, Chong Woo Bae, Yong Mook Choi, Chang Il Ahn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1989;32(9):1202-1209.   Published online September 30, 1989
Since the 1960s, several reports have been presented to explain how the ingestion of human milk is related to neonatal jaundice. Recently, the jaundiced neonates whose mother’s milk contain sub- stances (eg, pregnane 3a, 20β-diol, lipoprotein lipase, free fatty acid, β-glucuronidase etc) facilitating the reabsorption of unconjugated bilirubin in the neonatal intestine through the enhancement of the enterohepatic circulation, were called the breast milk...
Diagnostic Significance of Free Fatty Acid, Lipase and beta-Glucuronidase in Breast Milk Jaunce.
Kyoung Ok Lee, Soon Hak Kwon, Haeng Mi Kim, Doo Hong Ahn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1988;31(5):559-565.   Published online May 31, 1988
Free fatty acids, lipase activy and β-glucuronidase activity were measured in samples of breast milk collected from mothers of infants with and without breast milk jaundice. The free fatty acids, lipase and β-glucuronidase values in the breast milk from mothers with jaundiced infants were 7.5 ±6.5 mM/L, 5.3 ±3.2 mM/min/ml and 14.6 ±9.6 nM/min/ml respectively. In the group of mothers of infants without jaundice,...
Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium contents of Breast Milk.
In Bock Lee, Kwang Rhun Koo, Chang Soo Ra
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1985;28(12):1216-1220.   Published online December 31, 1985
In order to determine the concentration of Ca, P, and Mg of breast mik and the alterations of their concentrations during the period of lactation, the authors studied the concentrations of Ca, P, and Mg of breast milk from 68 Korean healthy nursing mothers who delivered at term. Ca, P, and Mg concentration of breast milk were measured by calorimetric...
Lipid Content of Breast Milk in Korean Women.
Sang Geel Lee, Tai Ho Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1985;28(10):977-988.   Published online October 31, 1985
It is revealed that the lipids in mother* s milk not only serve as a major source of energy but also contribute to the development of important tissues of an infant. Since mother’s milk is the main source of nutrition for infants in Korea, the analysis of the lipids in mother* s milk is of great significance. Colostrum and mature...
Serum IgE Levels and Incidence of Atopic Disease according to Infant Diet.
Jeong Wan Seo, Seung Joo Lee, Keun Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1985;28(8):751-755.   Published online August 31, 1985
The role of breast feeding and dietary elimination of cow's milk as a mean of preventing atopic disease in infants remains controversial. From May 1983 to August 1984，the relationships between the type of feeding in early infancy and incidence of atopic disease were studied in 238 babies of less than 3 years of age and their serum IgE levels were compared....
Quantitative Determination of Immunologlobulins in Breast Milk During the Period of Lactation.
Sung Ee Kim, Chang Soo Ra
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1982;25(12):1203-1209.   Published online December 31, 1982
It has been established by many investigations that immunoglobulins in breast milk, par- ticularly secretory IgA, are important in. protecting the infant, not only through the colostrum but through milk from birth to the early months of life. In order to determine the levels of immunoglobulins in breast milk and the alterations of levels of immunoglobulins during the period of lactation, the authors studied...
Statistical Study for the Reasons of Artificial or Mixed Feeding and Breast Feeding.
Woo Sik Chung, Hong In Eum, Byung Do Nam, Jung Hee Lee, Kew Tae Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1982;25(10):1046-1052.   Published online October 31, 1982
The survey was performed on 418 cases of mothers who were visited our pediatric out- patients and well baby clinics from January to July of 1981. The results of this survey were as follows: 1. The differentation of weight, height, chest circumference between the mothers of arti- ficial or mixed feeding and breast feeding was not seen. 2. The average nipple length of mothers of breast feeding,...