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Review Article
Developmental and Behavioral Medicine
Spontaneous movements as prognostic tool of neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants: a narrative review
Hyun Iee Shin, Myung Woo Park, Woo Hyung Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(11):458-464.   Published online May 16, 2023
· Spontaneous movements can be useful to evaluate neuronal integrity in preterm infants.
· In General Movements Assessment, continuous cramped synchronized movements and absent fidgety movements can indicate high-risk infants for cerebral palsy.
· Recent advances in machine learning techniques have led to the automated prediction of cerebral palsy based on infantile spontaneous movements.
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight infants in the Neonatal Research Network of Japan: importance of neonatal intensive care unit graduate follow-up
Yumi Kono; on behalf of the Neonatal Research Network of Japan
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(7):313-321.   Published online November 9, 2020
· Very low birth weight infants remain at high risk of developing neurodevelopmental impairments in early childhood.
· It is important to establish a network follow-up protocol and complete assessments with fewer dropouts to enable clarification of the outcomes of registered infants.
· All possible strategies should be employed to maintain good compliance after neonatal intensive care unit discharge.
Original Article
Endocrinology
The effect of low-dose intravenous bisphosphonate treatment on osteoporosis in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy
Soon Jeong Moon, Young Min An, Soon Ki Kim, Young Se Kwon, Ji Eun Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2017;60(12):403-407.   Published online December 22, 2017
Purpose

Quadriplegic children with cerebral palsy are more susceptible to osteoporosis because of various risk factors that interfere with bone metabolism. Pamidronate is effective for pediatric osteoporosis, but there are no guidelines for optimal dosage or duration of treatment in quadriplegic children with osteoporosis. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose pamidronate treatment in these patients.

Methods

Ten quadriplegic patients on antiepileptic...

Review Article
Neurology
Malformations of cortical development: genetic mechanisms and diagnostic approach
Jeehun Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2017;60(1):1-9.   Published online January 31, 2017

Malformations of cortical development are rare congenital anomalies of the cerebral cortex, wherein patients present with intractable epilepsy and various degrees of developmental delay. Cases show a spectrum of anomalous cortical formations with diverse anatomic and morphological abnormalities, a variety of genetic causes, and different clinical presentations. Brain magnetic resonance imaging has been of great help in determining the exact...

Case Report
Neurology
Two cases of familial cerebral cavernous malformation caused by mutations in the CCM1 gene
Im-Yong Yang, Mi-Sun Yum, Eun-Hee Kim, Hae-Won Choi, Han-Wook Yoo, Tae-Sung Ko
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(6):280-284.   Published online June 30, 2016

Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a vascular malformation characterized by abnormally enlarged capillary cavities without any intervening neural tissue. We report 2 cases of familial CCMs diagnosed with the CCM1 mutation by using a genetic assay. A 5-year-old boy presented with headache, vomiting, and seizure-like movements. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple CCM lesions in the cerebral hemispheres. Subsequent...

Complete occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
Ben Kang, Dong Hyun Kim, Young Jin Hong, Byong Kwan Son, Myung Kwan Lim, Yon Ho Choe, Young Se Kwon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(3):149-152.   Published online March 31, 2016

We report a case of a 5-year-old girl who developed left hemiparesis and left facial palsy, 6 days after the initiation of fever and respiratory symptoms due to pneumonia. Chest radiography, conducted upon admission, showed pneumonic infiltration and pleural effusion in the left lung field. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed acute ischemic infarction in the right middle cerebral artery territory....

Neuro-Behçet disease presented diplopia with hemiparesis following minor head trauma
Ja Yun Choi, Sun Young Park, In Ok Hwang, Young Hwan Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(9):354-357.   Published online September 14, 2012

Behçet disease (BD) is rare in childhood. We report a 9-year-old boy with neuro-Behçet disease who presented diplopia and weakness on the left side after a cerebral concussion. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed hyperintensity of the right mesodiencephalic junction on T2-weighted and fluid attenuated inversion recovery images. Prednisolone administration resulted in complete remission and normalization of abnormal MRI finding....

Original Article
The relationship between the time from arrival at a hospital to delivery and the occurrence of cerebral palsy in premature infants of less than 34 weeks of gestational age
Jae Woong Whang, A Lum Heo, Soo Hyun Koo, Hae Jung Lee, Jun Wha Lee, Joo Seok Lee, Kyung Lae Cho
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(11):1228-1233.   Published online November 15, 2009
Purpose : This study aimed to evaluate whether a shorter time from the arrival at a hospital to delivery is related to the occurrence of cerebral palsy in premature infants of less than 34 weeks of gestational age. Methods : We studied 142 newborns of less than 34 weeks of gestational age. The time from the arrival at the hospital...
Functional recovery after transplantation of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in immature rats
Wooksun Choi, Hye Kyung Shin, So-Hee Eun, Hoon Chul Kang, Sung Won Park, Kee Hwan Yoo, Young Sook Hong, Joo Won Lee, Baik-Lin Eun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(7):824-831.   Published online July 15, 2009
Purpose : We aimed to investigate the efficacy of and functional recovery after intracerebral transplantation of different doses of mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs) in immature rat brain with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods : Postnatal 7-days-old Sprague-Dawley rats, which had undergone unilateral HI operation, were given stereotaxic intracerebral injections of either vehicle or mMSCs and then tested for locomotory activity in...
Usefulness of DTI-based three dimensional corticospinal tractography in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy
Ji Hyun Yeo, Su Min Son, Eun Sil Lee, Han Ku Moon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(1):99-104.   Published online January 15, 2009
Purpose : Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging-based three-dimensional fiber tractography (DTI-FT) is a new method which demonstrates the orientation and integrity of white matter fibers in vivo. However, clinical application on children with cerebral palsy is still under investigation. We present various abnormal patterns of DTI-FT findings and accordance rate with clinical findings in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, to...
Clinical, endocrinological and radiological courses in patients who was initially diagnosed as idiopathic central diabetes insipidus
Seung Joon Chung, Seong Yong Lee, Choong Ho Shin, Sei Won Yang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(11):1110-1115.   Published online November 15, 2007
Purpose : Idiopathic central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is defined in CDI patients without definite etiology. Some patients initially diagnosed as idiopathic CDI progressed to organic causes. We reviewed clinical, endocrinological, and radiological courses of 20 patients who was initially diagnosed as idiopathic CDI, to assess the predicting factors for progression to brain tumors. Methods : We reviewed the medical data and...
Improved survival rate with decreased neurodevelopmental disability in extreme immaturity
Ga Won Jeon, Myo Jing Kim, Sung Shin Kim, Jae Won Shim, Yun Sil Chang, Won Soon Park, Mun Hyang Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(11):1067-1071.   Published online November 15, 2007
Purpose : The aim of this study was to determine whether improved survival of extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI) was associated with decreased neurodevelopmental disability later in life, and also to identify the factors influencing this disability. Methods : ELBWI admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Samsung Medical Center, survived, and followed up until the corrected age...
Case Report
Surgical removal of a left ventricular thrombus caused by acute myocarditis
Kyu Ha Lee, Min Jung Yoon, Mi Young Han, Sa Jun Chung, Soo Cheol Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(6):588-591.   Published online June 15, 2007
Left ventricular thrombus is mainly caused by anterior myocardial infarction or severe cardiac wall dysfunction of the apex, and is rarely caused by a complication of acute myocarditis. A 12-year-old female who developed symptoms of motor dysphasia and incomplete hemiparesis of the right side was admitted to the hospital. The brain MRI taken on the day of her admission showed...
Original Article
Comparison of hypertonic saline treatment in meningitis with cerebral edema
Hyung Su Kim, Hee Ra Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(12):1275-1281.   Published online December 15, 2006
Purpose : Cerebral edema in meningitis is a potentially complication. Hypertonic saline of various concentrations are frequently used to treat cerebral edemas in meningitis. We analyzed the safety and efficacy of osmotic therapy in cerebral edema by comparison of various hypertonic saline concentrations and mannitol. Methods : The medical records of 42 patients, who were followed up in the Department of...
Changes of neurodevelopmental outcomes and risk factors of very low birth weight infants below 1,500 g, in the last 10 years
Se Kyu Lee, Ji Hyun Lee, Sang Geel Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(10):1050-1055.   Published online October 15, 2006
Purpose : As a result of advances in neonatal intensive care and perinatal care, neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight infant(VLBWIS) is expected to lead to improvement. The aim of this study was to report neurodevelopmental outcomes and risk factors of neurologic impairment of very low birth weight infants during the past 10 years. Method : We performed a retrospective...
Review Article
Motor delay : cerebral palsy
Ho Jin Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(10):1019-1025.   Published online October 15, 2006
Motor delay, when present, is usually the first concern brought by the parents of children with developmental delay. Cerebral palsy that is the most common motor delay, is a nonspecific, descriptive term pertaining to disordered motor function that is evident in early infancy and is characterized by changes in muscle tone, muscle weakness, involuntary movements, ataxia, or a combination of...
Original Article
Clinical study in children with cerebral palsy associated with or without epilepsy
Yongjoo Ahn, Hyejeon Chung, Suk Youn, Euihyun Cho, Sajun Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(5):529-532.   Published online May 15, 2006
Purpose : To study the spectrum of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy. Methods : A total of 93 consecutive patients with cerebral palsy(CP) were retrospectively suited. Criteria for inclusion were a follow-up period of at least 2 years. The study examined the correlation between the incidence of epilepsy and seizure types in the different forms of CP. Other factors associated...
Cord blood Cytokines on the Development of Cerebral Palsy in Premature Infant
Ki Dae Kim, Byeong Hee Son, Chang Whan Oh, Jung A Lee, Sung Won Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(12):1293-1299.   Published online December 15, 2004
Purpose : This study was performed to determine the relation between cord blood plasma cytokines responses and development of cerebral palsies in premature infants. Methods : Interleukin-1β(IL-1β), Interleukin-6(IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were measured using ELISA kits in premature infants(n=60) who were admitted to St. Benedict Hospital from September 2001 to June 2003. Retrospective study was done by review of medical records. Results...
The Incidence and Risk Factors of Posttraumatic Seizure in Children
Sue Youn, Mi A Lee, Hwang Min Kim, Byung Ho Cha
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(11):1198-1204.   Published online November 15, 2004
Purpose : The goal of our study was to identify the incidence and clinical, neurophysiological and neuroradiological variables with predictive value for posttraumatic seizure(PTS). Methods : The medical records of 625 children with head traumas under 15-year-old who were admitted to the Wonju Christian Hospital, from January, 1993 to January, 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, 472 patients were included...
Case Report
A Case of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Nephritis Complicating Encephalopathy Accompanied by Hypertension and Cerebral Vasculitis
Hee Ra Choi, Eo Jin Kim, Myoung Bum Choi, Jae Young Lim, Chan Hoo Park, Hyang Ok Woo, Hee Sang Youn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(10):1040-1043.   Published online October 15, 2003
Henoch-Shonlein purpura(HSP) is a systemic small-vessel vasculitis that primarily affects the skin, gastrointestinal tract, joints, and kidneys. The nervous system may be involved, less commonly than other organs. When the central nervous system(CNS) was involved, headache, changes in mental status, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits have been reported. Hypertension, uremic encephalopathy, metabolic abnomalities, electrolyte abnormalities, or cerebral vasculitis were suggested...
A Case of Cerebral Vasculitis in Henoch-Shonlein Purpura
Soo Yeon Lee, Ju Mi Choung, Dong Jin Hwang, So Hee Eun, Pyoung Han Hwang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(12):1601-1605.   Published online December 15, 2002
Henoch-Sh nlein Purpura(HSP) is an immuologically mediated systemic vasculitis of small blood vessels affecting predominantly the skin, gastrointestinal tract, joints, and kidneys. Clinical neurological manifestations such as headaches, behavioral changes, mental changes, seizures, and visual loss are described, but neurological complication are rare during the course of HSP. We experienced a case of an 8 year-old male with HSP who...
A Case of Cerebral Infarction Complicated by Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia
Kyoung Whoon Cheon, Won Sik Kang, Byeong Hee Son, Sung Won Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(5):673-678.   Published online May 15, 2002
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most common pathogen of the respiratory tract among school- aged children and young adults. The incidence of CNS complication is reported as 0.1-7% of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. We experienced a case of cerebral infarction complicated by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and reviewed the literature about the CNS complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.
Original Article
Clinical Studies of Cerebral Palsy
Won Sik Kang, Kyong Whoon Cheon, Byeong Hee Son, Sung Won Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(4):512-518.   Published online April 15, 2002
Purpose : Cerebral palsies are the most common and severe motor disabilities in childhood. There is currently increased interest in their occurrence and patterns of likely cause for a variety of reasons. Therefore, a retrospective study was carried out to understand the clinical features of cerebral palsy. Methods : A retrospective chart review was conducted of all children with cerebral palsy...
A Study on the Prediction of Neurodevelopmental Outcome by Cranial Ultrasound in Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants
Ji Young Rha, Chang Yee Cho, Young Youn Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2000;43(8):1037-1045.   Published online August 15, 2000
Purpose : Recent progress in neonatal medicine increased the survival of preterm low birth weight infants. However, neurodevelopmental sequelae are ever increasing. We carried out this study to determine whether serial cranial ultrasonographic findings could predict neurodevelopmental outcome. Methods : Four hundred and forty-one preterm low birth weight infants, who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Chonnam University...
The Protective Effect of Vitamin E and Desferrioxamine on Cultured Cerebral Neurons of Neonatal Mouse Damaged by Ischemic Condition
So-ra Lee, Yeon-kyun Oh, Seung-taek Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1999;42(10):1426-1433.   Published online October 15, 1999
Purpose : Perinatal asphyxia is an important cause of neurologic morbidity. Experiments in animal models of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury demonstrate that brain damage starts during hypoxia-ischemia. In order to evaluate the ischemic condition-induced neurotoxic effect in view of oxi- dative stress, we examined the cytotoxic effect in cultured cerebral neurons of neonatal mouse. Methods : Dissociated cell cultures were prepared...
The Effects of Glutamate Receptor Antagonists on Cultured Cerebral Cortical Neurons of Neonatal Mouse Damaged by Oxidative Stress
Dae-ho Choi, Yeon-kyun Oh, Seung-taek Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1999;42(8):1096-1103.   Published online August 15, 1999
Purpose : To evaluate neurotoxic effects induced by oxygen-radicals, which were generated by adding xanthine oxidase(XO) and hypoxanthine(HX), and protective effects of glutamate receptor antagonist such as MK-801 and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline(CNQX). Methods : Dissociated cell cultures were prepared from cerebrum of neonatal mouse. Tissues were dissected and diced into small pieces in phosphate buffered saline and were incubated at 37℃. Isolated cells...
Case Report
A Childhood Case of Nephrotic Syndrome Complicated with Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Followed by Left Popliteal Artery Thrombosis
Si-Eun Lee, Sue-Jin Lee, Yang-Suk Jung, Jae-Young Lim, Chan-Hoo Park, Hyang-Ok Woo, Jin-Jong Yoo, Hee-Shang Youn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1999;42(7):1019-1025.   Published online July 15, 1999
We report a 10-year-old male with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome which was complicated by cerebral venous sinus thrombosis including superior sagittal sinus and left popliteal artery thrombosis following 5 months later. At each thrombotic episode, he suffered from relapse of massive proteinuria with hypovolemic crisis, and from hemoconcentration with dehydration due to vomiting or diarrhea. Brain MR angiography confirmed thromboses of...
Original Article
Cerebral palsy, Periventricular echodensity, Cyst, Intraventricular hemorrhage
Kyeung Ho Park, Sang Hee Kim, Hyung Won Lee, Kil Hyun Kim, Hak Soo Lee, Ji Hye Kim, Young Seok Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(9):1210-1218.   Published online September 15, 1997
Purpose : Although neonatal intensive care and development of obstetrics play a role in improving survival rate in prematurity, cerebral palsy(CP) is still one of the neurologic sequelae. We tried to find what kinds of risk factors in the patients with abnormal neurosonographic findings who developed CP later. This study was performed to predict early enough who will develop CP later and to treat...
Effect of Oxygen Radicals on Cultured Cerebral Neurons of Neonatal Mouse
Yeon-kyun Oh, Seung-taek Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(6):786-793.   Published online June 15, 1997
Purpose : In order to elucidate the neurotoxic mechanism of oxygen radicals which are pathological factor of ischemia, we evaluated the oxidant-induced neurotoxicity and the neuroprotective effect of antioxidant on cultured cerebral neurons derived from neonatal mouse. Methods : Neurotoxic effect was investigated after cultured mouse neuronal cells were exposed to oxygen radicals which were generated enzymatically by reaction of xanthine oxidase(XO) and hypoxanthine(HX). And also...
Periventricular Leukomalacia: Electroencephalographic Features and Neurodevelopmental Outcome
Hee Jung Chung, Young Rae Kim, Mun Chul Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1996;39(4):530-542.   Published online April 15, 1996
Purpose : Periventricular leukomalacia(PVL) is associated with the characteristic neurologic sequale of spastic diplegia or quadriplegia, and cortical blindness. So early diagnosis of PVL in the neonatal period is of importance because of the prognostic implications of this lesion. Novotny et al reported that Positive Rolandic Sharp waves(PRS) on the EEGs was a marker of PVL because most infants who...
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