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Review Article
Neurology
Electroencephalography source localization
Tae-Hoon Eom
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(5):201-209.   Published online December 29, 2022
· Electroencephalography (EEG) directly images the electrical activity of neurons at a higher temporal resolution than other neuroimaging techniques.
· EEG is still widely used in brain function research due to its advantages.
· Forward and inverse problems of EEG analyses require solutions.
· Methods such as the dipole and distributed source models have been introduced.
· Applications of EEG are expanding with the integration of other technologies and large-scale data.
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Neonatal seizures: stepping outside the comfort zone
Menna Hashish, Mohamed Reda Bassiouny
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(11):521-528.   Published online April 4, 2022
· Use conventional and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography to confirm clinical seizures and screen high-risk newborns.
· Select an explicit clear elective event to be treated with less toxic and more effective antiepileptics.
Neurology
Neonatal seizures: diagnostic updates based on new definition and classification
Eun-Hee Kim, Jeongmin Shin, Byoung Kook Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(8):387-397.   Published online April 4, 2022
· Neonatal seizures are often electrographic-only seizures without clinical signs; therefore, the identification of electrical seizure activity on electroencephalography is the gold standard for diagnosis.
· Clinical signs of neonatal seizures are divided into motor or nonmotor seizures, and motor seizures are mostly focal or multifocal.
· Most neonatal seizures are caused by acute symptomatic etiologies, but in cases of intractable seizures, structural, genetic, or metabolic etiologies should be investigated.
Is it really a seizure? The challenge of paroxysmal nonepileptic events in young infants
Seung Yeon Jung, Joon Won Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2021;64(8):384-392.   Published online September 18, 2020
Paroxysmal nonepileptic events (PNE) comprise of a variety of nonepileptic behaviors and are divided into various types. A more accurate diagnosis is possible by examining the video clip provided by the caregiver. In infants, physiologic PNE accounts for the majority of the PNE. It is important to exclude epilepsy, for which blood tests, electroencephalography, and imaging tests can facilitate differential...
How can neurological outcomes be predicted in comatose pediatric patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest?
Hyo Jeong Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020;63(5):164-170.   Published online October 10, 2019
The prognosis of patients who are comatose after resuscitation remains uncertain. The accurate prediction of neurological outcome is important for management decisions and counseling. A neurological examination is an important factor for prognostication, but widely used sedatives alter the neurological examination and delay the response recovery. Additional studies including electroencephalography, somatosensory-evoked potentials, brain imaging, and blood biomarkers are useful for...
Case Report
Neurology
Ictal sinus pause and myoclonic seizure in a child
Hye Ryun Kim, Gun-Ha Kim, So-Hee Eun, Baik-Lin Eun, Jung Hye Byeon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(Suppl 1):S129-S132.   Published online November 30, 2016

Ictal tachycardia and bradycardia are common arrhythmias; however, ictal sinus pause and asystole are rare. Ictal arrhythmia is mostly reported in adults with temporal lobe epilepsy. Recently, ictal arrhythmia was recognized as a major warning sign of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. We present an interesting case of a child with ictal sinus pause and asystole. A 27-month-old girl was...

Original Article
Early postictal electroencephalography and correlation with clinical findings in children with febrile seizures
Kyung A Jeong, Myung Hee Han, Eun Hye Lee, Sajun Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2013;56(12):534-539.   Published online December 20, 2013
Purpose

Electroencephalography (EEG) is frequently ordered for patients with febrile seizures despite its unclear diagnostic value. We evaluated the prevalence of abnormal EEGs, the association between clinical findings and abnormal EEGs, and the predictive value of EEG for the recurrence of febrile seizures.

Methods

Data were collected on 230 children who were treated for febrile seizures at Kyung Hee University Medical Center from...

Case Report
Signal change in hippocampus and current source of spikes in Panayiotopoulos syndrome
Jung Sook Yeom, Youngsoo Kim, Ji Sook Park, Ji Hyun Seo, Eun Sil Park, Jae Young Lim, Chan-Hoo Park, Hyang Ok Woo, Hee-Shang Youn, Oh-Young Kwon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(2):63-67.   Published online February 14, 2012

A 4-year-old girl with Panayiotopoulos syndrome presented with a history of 4 prolonged autonomic seizures. The clinical features of her seizures included, in order of occurrence, blank staring, pallor, vomiting, hemi-clonic movement on the right side, and unresponsiveness. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a slightly high T2 signal in the left hippocampus. Interictal electoencephalogram revealed spikes in the...

Original Article
Characteristics of late-onset epilepsy and EEG findings in children with autism spectrum disorders
Haneul Lee, Hoon Chul Kang, Seung Woo Kim, Young Key Kim, Hee Jung Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2011;54(1):22-28.   Published online January 31, 2011
Purpose

To investigate the clinical characteristics of late-onset epilepsy combined with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and the relationship between certain types of electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities in ASD and associated neuropsychological problems.

Methods

Thirty patients diagnosed with ASD in early childhood and later developed clinical seizures were reviewed retrospectively. First, the clinical characteristics, language and behavioral regression, and EEG findings of these late-onset epilepsy...

Review Article
Diagnosis of neonatal seizures
Hee Jung Chung, Yun Jung Hur
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(9):964-970.   Published online September 15, 2009
Neonatal seizures are generally not only brief and subtle but also not easily recognized and are usually untreated. In sick neonates, seizures are frequently not manifested clinically but are detected only by electroencephalography (subclinical EEG seizures). This phenomenon of electroclinical dissociation is fairly common in neonates. On the other hand, neonates frequently show clinical behaviors such as stiffening, apnea, or...
Original Article
Analysis on the association between EEG and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-D-glucose (FDG)-PET findings in children with epilepsy
Yun Jung Hur, Joon Soo Lee, Jong Doo Lee, Heung Dong Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(3):286-292.   Published online March 15, 2008
Purpose : We performed EEG and PET on children with epilepsy concomitantly in order to evaluate the effects of epileptiform and non-epileptiform discharge of EEG on glucose metabolism. Methods : Seventy three children with epilepsy who had PET and EEG simultaneously were included in our study. The subjects were classified in two ways: (1) based on the frequency of epileptiform...
Clinical Characteristics of Neonatal Status Epilepticus
Kyeong Hun Jung, Yun Hee Kim, Young Se Kwon, Yong Hoon Jun, Soon Ki Kim, Byong Kwan Son
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(12):1342-1347.   Published online December 15, 2005
Purpose : Among perinatal risk factors, neonatal seizures are one of the strongest independent discriminators of adverse outcome, representing high risks of mortality and neurologic morbidity. This study was undertaken to evaluate the neurologic outcome of neonatal status epilepticus according to underlying etiology, seizure pattern, onset time, and duration. Methods : We reviewed retrospectively 36 neonates(19 males, 17 females) with status...
Case Report
A Case of Micturition Syncope in a Child
Sun Youn Lee, Su Jeong Ryu, Deok Soo Kim, Young Hwue Kim, Tae Sung Ko, Jae Moon Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(12):1274-1278.   Published online December 15, 2003
Syncope in children and adolescents have a common occurrence according for up to 15% before adulthood. Micturition syncope, a kind of situational syncope, can be considered a form of reflex syncope. It can typically occur in healthy young men after rising from bed in the early morning who experience sudden loss of consciousness during or immediately after urination. The mechanism...
Original Article
Diagnostic Significance of Neonatal Electroencephalography
Byeong Eui Kim, Heung Dong Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(2):137-142.   Published online February 15, 2003
Purpose : This study was performed to determine the sensitivity of neonatal electroencephalography (EEG) in detecting underlying brain disease, to compare the sensitivity and specificity of EEG with those of brain ultrasonography and to determine the prognostic value of EEG for neonatal neurologic diseases. Methods : Eighty-seven newborn babies were subjected to a electroencephalographic examination for the evaluation of underlying...
Surgically Treated Intractable Child Epilepsy with Focal Cortical Dysplasia : Clinical and Electroencephalographic Findings
So Hee Chung, Ho Young Lee, Mun Hyang Lee, Hye Kyung Yoon, Bo Kyung Kim, Seung Chyul Hong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2001;44(5):552-561.   Published online May 15, 2001
Purpose : Widespread use of MRI now gives us increased insights into the different expressions of cortical malformations. We carried out this study to characterize the clinical and EEG features of focal cortical dysplasia(FCD) which also caused intractable epilepsy requiring surgical treatment. Methods : A retrospective analysis was conducted in 8 children. The history of seizures, imaging studies, electroencephalographic findings,...
An Electroencephalographic Study of Febrile Convulsion in Childhood
Jong Woo Shin, Chang Ok Soh, Jin Young Jeong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(4):531-538.   Published online April 15, 1997
Purpose : Febrile convulsion is most common neurologic disorder in childhood, which benign course but transition to epilepsy is not certain. This study was carried out to reveal the usefulness of electroencephalography of febrile convulsion in childhood. Methods : Electroencephalography (EEG) was performed on 116 children who visited the department of Pediatrics, Haesung hospital from November 1992 to December 1994 due...
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