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Original Article
Infection
Association between vitamin D and urinary tract infection in children
Abolfazl Mahyar, Parviz Ayazi, Sara Safari, Reza Dalirani, Amir Javadi, Shiva Esmaeily
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2018;61(3):90-94.   Published online March 19, 2018
Purpose

The present study aimed to determine the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level and Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children.

Methods

In this case-control study, 70 children with UTI (case group) were compared with 70 healthy children (control group) in terms of serum 25(OH)D levels. The children were between 1 month and 12 years of age. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured...

Nephrology (Genitourinary)
Diagnostic accuracy of urinary biomarkers in infants younger than 3 months with urinary tract infection
Nani Jung, Hye Jin Byun, Jae Hyun Park, Joon Sik Kim, Hae Won Kim, Ji Yong Ha
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2018;61(1):24-29.   Published online January 22, 2018
Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of urinary biomarkers, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) and β-2 microglobulin (uB2MG), in early detection of urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants aged <3 months with fever.

Methods

A total of 422 infants aged <3 months (male:female=267:155; mean age, 56.4 days), who were admitted for fever, were retrospectively included in...

Is vaginal reflux associated with urinary tract infection in female children under the age of 36 months?
Yu Bin Kim, Chih Lung Tang, Ja Wook Koo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2018;61(1):17-23.   Published online January 22, 2018
Purpose

To determine the relationship between vaginal reflux (VR) and urinary tract infection (UTI) in female children aged <36 months.

Methods

A single center retrospective study was performed for 191 girls aged <36 months, with a diagnosis of febrile UTI, who underwent a voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) for assessment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) at Sanggye Paik Hospital. Fifty-one girls, who underwent VCUG for assessment...

Infection
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli ST131 in urinary tract infections in children
Ki Wook Yun, Mi-Kyung Lee, Wonyong Kim, In Seok Lim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2017;60(7):221-226.   Published online July 31, 2017
Purpose

Escherichia coli sequence type (ST) 131, a multidrug-resistant clone causing extraintestinal infections, has rapidly become prevalent worldwide. However, the epidemiological and clinical features of pediatric infections are poorly understood. We aimed to explore the characteristics of ST131 Escherichia coli isolated from Korean children with urinary tract infections.

Methods

We examined 114 uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates from children hospitalized at Chung-Ang University...

Nephrology (Genitourinary)
Usefulness of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in young children with febrile urinary tract infection
Song Yi Han, I Re Lee, Se Jin Park, Ji Hong Kim, Jae Il Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2016;59(3):139-144.   Published online March 31, 2016
Purpose

Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is a serious bacterial infection that can cause renal scarring in children. Early identification of APN is critical to improve treatment outcomes. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a prognostic marker of many diseases, but it has not yet been established in urinary tract infection (UTI). The aim of this study was to determine whether NLR is a...

Evaluation of new American Academy of Pediatrics guideline for febrile urinary tract infection
Da Min Choi, Tae Hoon Heo, Hyung Eun Yim, Kee Hwan Yoo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(9):341-346.   Published online September 21, 2015
Purpose

To evaluate the practical applications of the diagnosis algorithms recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics urinary tract infection (UTI) guideline.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of febrile UTI patients aged between 2 and 24 months. The patients were divided into 3 groups: group I (patients with positive urine culture and urinalysis findings), group II (those with positive urine culture...

Validity of bag urine culture for predicting urinary tract infections in febrile infants: a paired comparison of urine collection methods
Geun-A Kim, Ja-Wook Koo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(5):183-189.   Published online May 22, 2015
Purpose

Catheter urine (CATH-U) and suprapubic aspiration (SPA) are reliable urine collection methods for confirming urinary tract infections (UTI) in infants. However, noninvasive and easily accessible collecting bag urine (CBU) is widely used, despite its high contamination rate. This study investigated the validity of CBU cultures for diagnosing UTIs, using CATH-U culture results as the gold standard.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 210 infants,...

Regional differences in phylogenetic group of Escherichia coli strains isolated from children with urinary tract infection in Korea
Ui-Yoon Choi, Seung Beom Han, Soo Young Lee, Jin Han Kang, Sun Mi Kim, Sang Hyuk Ma
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(11):420-423.   Published online November 23, 2012
Purpose

We phylogenetically analyzed the Escherichia coli strains isolated from children with urinary tract infection (UTI) in 2 regions of Korea. Virulence factors (VFs) and antibiotic resistance of the strains were also determined to compare the possible differences.

Methods

A total of 138 E. coli strains were collected from the 2 regions; Gyeongin (78 strains) and Gyeongnam (60 strains). The phylogenetic groups were...

Review Article
Renal scar formation after urinary tract infection in children
Young Seo Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(10):367-370.   Published online October 29, 2012

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial illness in children. Acute pyelonephritis in children may lead to renal scarring with the risk of later hypertension, preeclampsia during pregnancy, proteinuria, and renal insufficiency. Until now, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has been considered the most important risk factor for post-UTI renal scar formation in children. VUR predisposes children with UTI to pyelonephritis,...

Original Article
Antibiotic susceptibility and imaging findings of the causative microorganisms responsible for acute urinary tract infection in children: a five-year single center study
Ji Eun Yoon, Wun Kon Kim, Jin Seok Lee, Kyeong-Seob Shin, Tae-Sun Ha
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2011;54(2):79-85.   Published online February 28, 2011
Purpose

We studied the differences in the antibiotic susceptibilities of the microorganisms that causeing urinary tract infections (UTI) in children to obtain useful information on appropriate drug selection for childhood UTI.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the antibiotic susceptibilities of 429 microorganisms isolated from 900 patients diagnosed with UTI in the Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, from 2003 to 2008.

Results

The most common...

Microalbuminuria in children with urinary tract infection
Byung Ok Kwak, Sochung Chung, Kyo Sun Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(9):840-844.   Published online September 13, 2010
Purpose

Microalbuminuria is defined as increased urinary albumin excretion (30-300 mg/day) or microalbumin/creatinine ratio (30-300 mg/g) in a spot urine sample. Although microalbuminuria is a predictor of clinical nephropathy and cardiomyopathy, few studies have investigated microalbuminuria in children with urinary tract infection (UTI).

Methods

Therefore, we compared the spot urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio in pediatric UTI patients with that of control subjects. We investigated...

Review Article
Genetics of kidney development: pathogenesis of renal anomalies
Hyewon Hahn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(7):729-734.   Published online July 31, 2010

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) account for more than 50% of abdominal masses found in neonates and involve about 0.5% of all pregnancies. CAKUT has a major role in renal failure, and increasing evidence suggests that certain abnormalities predispose to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. To understand the pathogenesis of human renal...

Original Article
The relationships between clinical variables and renal parenchymal disease in pediatric clinically suspected urinary tract infection
Jung Lim Byun, Sang Taek Lee, Sochung Chung, Kyo Sun Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(2):222-227.   Published online February 15, 2010
Purpose : To evaluate the significance of clinical signs and laboratory findings as predictors of renal parenchymal lesions and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in childhood urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods : From July 2005 to July 2008, 180 patients admitted with a first febrile UTI at the Pediatric Department of Konkuk University Hospital were included in this study. The following were...
Microbiological spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in more than 24-month-old children with urinary tract infection: A6-year retrospective, single center experience
Jeong Hee Ko, Jee Hyung Lee, Eun Jung Shim, Do jun Cho, Ki Sik Min, Ki Yang Yoo, Dae Young Lee, Hee Jung Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(10):1147-1152.   Published online October 15, 2009
Purpose : To characterize the pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibilities in more than 24-month-old children with urinary tract infection (UTI) and to study the Escherichia coli antimicrobial susceptibility trend. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the record of more than 24-month-old children with UTI between January 2003 and December 2008. Positive results for 1 bacterial species with a colony count of...
Review Article
Guidelines for childhood urinary tract infection
Seung Joo Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(9):976-983.   Published online September 15, 2009
Urinary tract infection (UTI), the most common bacterial disease in childhood, is frequently associated with urinary tract anomalies (15-50%) and can induce renal scarring, which is a cause of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Despite the high risk of renal scarring in infancy, the diagnosis may be delayed due to its nonspecific presenting symptoms; moreover, over-diagnosis is frequent due to...
Original Article
Clinical study of urinary tract infection, natural courses, and prenatal ultrasonographic results according to the grades of hydronephrosis
Jee-Hee Lee, Jun-Woo Kim, Ji-Eun Yoon, Tae-Sun Ha
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(8):917-921.   Published online August 15, 2009

Purpose:Although renal ultrasonography (USG) has improved the detection rate of hydronephrosis (HN), its clinical courses and postnatal management remains controversial. Here, we reviewed the clinical features of patients with HN according to the grades. Methods:We retrospectively studied 207 patients who were regularly followed-up among 367 patients with HN detected by renal USG postnatally between April 1998 and December 2007. These patients were grouped...
Incidence and outcome of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract detected by prenatal ultrasonography: a single center study
Gina Lim, Joo Hoon Lee, Young Seo Park, Kun Seok Kim, Hye-Sung Won
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(4):464-470.   Published online April 15, 2009
Purpose : This study assessed the incidence and outcome of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) detected by prenatal ultrasonography Methods : There were 906 cases of CAKUT detected by prenatal ultrasonography and postnatally confirmed at the Asan Medical Center from October 1989 to October 2007. We investigated the incidence and outcome of these cases by reviewing medical...
Factors affecting the contamination of bag urine culture in febrile children under two years
Wook Hyun Choi, In Seok Lim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(3):346-350.   Published online March 15, 2009
Purpose : Since children under two years with suspected urinary tract infections (UTIs) cannot control urination, urine cultures in such children are usually performed via urine bags. This method is noninvasive but has a high contamination rate. We studied the contamination rate of bag urine culture in diagnosing UTI in infants under two years and the factors responsible for contamination. Methods...
Different characteristic between Escherichea coli and non-Escherichea coli urinary tract infection
Hee Jin Jung, Ji A Aum, Soo Jin Jung, Jae Won Huh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(5):457-461.   Published online May 15, 2007
Purpose : Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infectious disease in childhood. Especially UTI in infant and young children is associated with urinary tract anomalies such as hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and laboratory characteristics, and uroradiologic findings of UTI caused by pathogens other than E. coli with UTI caused...
Susceptibility tests of oral antibiotics including cefixime against Escherichia coli, isolated from pediatric patients withcommunity acquired urinary tract infections
Soo Young Lee, Jung Hyun Lee, Jong Hyun Kim, Jae Kyun Hur, Sun Mi Kim, Sang Hyuk Ma, Jin Han Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(7):777-783.   Published online July 15, 2006
Purpose : Urinary tract infection(UTI) is one of the most frequent infections in children. E. coli is the most frequent etiological micropathogen in pediatric community UTI, and E. coli has developed resistance to many antibiotics, highlighting the need for regular surveys of this organism resistant patterns in the community. The aim of this study was to determine the oral antibiotic...
Urinary tract infections in infants under six months of age
Min Joo Kang, Hye Kyung Shin, Hyung Eun Yim, Bo-Kyung Je, So Hee Eun, Byung Min Choi, Jong-Tae Park, Baik Lin Eun, Kee Hwan Yoo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(3):278-286.   Published online March 15, 2006
Purpose : Although suprapubic bladder aspiration(SBA) is the most reliable technique for identifying bacteriuria in young infant, no report has been published about the clinical manifestations of urinary tract infection(UTI) diagnosed by aspirated urine in Korea. This study was performed to examine clinical manifestations and related factors of UTI confirmed by a positive urine culture obtained by SBA in young infants. Methods : We reviewed...
Usefulness of serum procalcitonin test for the diagnosis of upper urinary tract infection in children
Dong Wook Kim, Ju Young Chung, Ja Wook Koo, Sang Woo Kim, Tae Hee Han
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(1):87-92.   Published online January 15, 2006
Purpose : It is difficult to make a distinction between lower urinary tract infection(UTI) and acute pyelonephritis(APN) during the acute phase of febrile UTI due to nonspecific clinical symptoms and laboratory findings, especially among young children. We measured the serum procalcitonin(PCT) in children with UTI to distinguish between acute pyelonephritis and lower UTI, and to determine the accuracy of PCT...
The Occurrence of Renal Scarring in Children with nilateral Vesicoureteral Reflux
Tae Ho Lee, Mi Ran Son, Soon Ok Byun, Jung Woong Moon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(9):998-1003.   Published online September 15, 2005
Purpose : We evaluated the occurrence of renal scarring in children with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux(VUR), and the relationships between renal scar formation and risk factors such as VUR, duration of fever, acute-phase reactant, age, and sex. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the data of 35 children newly diagnosed with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux after urinary tract infection(UTI) in Wallace Memorial Baptist...
Antibiotic Sensitivity to the Major Causative Organisms of Acute Urinary Tract Infection in Children
Yung Kwun Lee, Hee Chul Lee, Jung Mi Chun, So Young Yoon, Woo Gill Lee, Son Moon Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(7):760-765.   Published online July 15, 2005
Purpose : We studied the changes in antibiotic sensitivity to the causative organisms of urinary tract infection(UTI), in order to provide useful information on the choice of adequate drugs in the treatment of UTI. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the major causative organisms and their antibiotic sensitivities in 69 patients diagnosed with UTI in the Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Cheil Hospital...
Causative Organisms of Urinary Tract Infection in Children, and their Antibiotic Susceptibility
Yoon Duk Kang, Nam Su Kim, Sung Hee Oh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(10):1065-1071.   Published online October 15, 2004
Purpose : In caring patients with urinary tract infection(UTI), it is prominent to know causative agents and their antimicrobial susceptibilities, of which domestic data appear somewhat different from those reported in the literature. The study was done to learn the distribution of pathogens causing UTI and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in Korean children. Methods : One hundred forty two inpatients diagnosed...
Case Report
A Case of Neonatal Hydrometrocolpos Accompanying Urinary Tract Obstruction
Kyoung Eun Lee, Ok Yeon Cho, Eun Jung Sim, Do Jun Cho, Dug Ha Kim, Ki Sik Min, Ki Yang Yoo, Guan Sup Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(7):789-793.   Published online July 15, 2004
Neonatal hydrometrocolpos is the cystic dilatation of the vagina and uterus, which is caused by the combination of vaginal obstruction such as imperforate hymen, transverse vaginal septum, or vaginal atresia, and glandular secretion by maternal estrogenic stimulation. Although hydrometrocolpos is a rare congenital abnormality unlike pubertal hematocolpos, it is one of the relatively common abdominal masses in neonates. In typical...
Original Article
Ultrasonographic Bladder Parameters for Successful Suprapubic Bladder Aspiration
Sung Chul Baek, Hoe Kyoung Koo, Cheol Hong Kim, Kyung Bum Kim, Hyun Hee Lee, Byung Min Choi, Kee Hwan Yoo, Young Suk Hong, Dong Gwan Han
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(2):187-192.   Published online February 15, 2004
Purpose : Suprapubic bladder aspiration(SBA) is a widely accepted method of obtaining sterile urine for culture in neonates but has a relatively low success rate and a few serious complications during SBA procedure. To improve the chance of obtaining urine, we determined the ultrasonographic bladder parameters(diameters and volume) to confirm that the bladder is adequately distended for successful aspiration of...
Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infections Due to Extended-spectrum β-lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in Children
Nam Hee Kim, Jin A Lee, Yun Kyung Kim, Eun Hwa Choi, Il Soo Ha, Hoan Jong Lee, Yong Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(2):164-169.   Published online February 15, 2004
Purpose : This study was performed to identify risk factors for urinary tract infection(UTI) by extended-spectrum β-lactamase(ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in children. Methods : We analyzed 125 episodes of UTI which were developed in 112 children at the Seoul National University Children's Hospital from July to December 2002. Medical records of 74 episodes of UTI caused by E. coli were reviewed in...
Urinary Excretion of Various Urinary Proteins in Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux
Da Eun Jung, Ja Wook Koo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(10):977-982.   Published online October 15, 2003
Purpose : This study aimed to examine the excretion of various urinary proteins in children with a history of urinary tract infection(UTI), with or without vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) or reflux nephropathy, and to identify means of predicting the severity of VUR or the presence of reflux nephropathy as indicated by these markers, and to know how these markers are changed after...
Recurrence and Follow-up after Urinary Tract Infection
Ji Hee Kim, Hye Kyung Shin, Kee Hwan Yoo, Young Sook Hong, Joo Won Lee, Soon Kyum Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(6):561-565.   Published online June 15, 2003
Purpose : Urinary tract infection(UTI) is the most common bacterial infectious disease that may induce severe renal injury unless early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are performed. If recurrent UTI is prevented, renal injury can be also reduced. Therefore, we studied the risk factors of recurrent UTI in children. Methods : We performed a retrospective study of 168 children(58 girls and 110...