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Review Article
Hematology
Iron deficiency in children with a focus on inflammatory conditions
Na Hee Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(6):283-293.   Published online May 21, 2024
· Iron deficiency has important effects on neurodevelopment and the immune system in children.
· Hepcidine plays an important role in iron homeostasis.
· Diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency in chronic inflammatory disease are important for patients' quality of life and disease course.
Original Article
Cardiology
Iron deficiency anemia as a predictor of coronary artery abnormalities in Kawasaki disease
Sohyun Kim, Lucy Youngmin Eun
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(8):301-306.   Published online February 8, 2019

Purpose: Coronary artery abnormalities (CAA) are the most important complications of Kawasaki disease (KD). Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a prevalent micronutrient deficiency and its association with KD remains unknown. We hypothesized that presence of IDA could be a predictor of CAA. Methods: This retrospective study included 173 KD patients, divided into 2 groups according to absence (group 1) and presence...
Gastroenterology
The role of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for the absorption of iron preparations in children with iron deficiency anemia
Jeanette Manoppo, Hilda Tasiringan, Audrey Wahani, Adrian Umboh, Max Mantik
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2019;62(5):173-178.   Published online January 25, 2019

Purpose: To determine whether Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 plays a role in absorption of iron preparations given to children with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Methods: We performed a quasi-experimental study involving pre- and postintervention tests using a control group in North Sulawesi province, Indonesia, between July and September 2017. We conducted a single-blind controlled trial that included primary school children who...
The usefulness of soluble transferrin receptor in the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children
Se Hoon Yoon, Dong Sup Kim, Seung Taek Yu, Sae Ron Shin, Du Young Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(1):15-19.   Published online January 31, 2015
Purpose

Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is a truncated extracellular form of the membrane transferrin receptor produced by proteolysis. Concentrations of serum sTfR are related to iron status and erythropoiesis in the body. We investigated whether serum sTfR levels can aid in diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children.

Methods

Ninety-eight patients with IDA were enrolled and were classified according to...

Prevalence and risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in children with iron deficiency anemia
Jung Won Yoon, Sung Woo Kim, Eun Gyong Yoo, Moon Kyu Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(6):206-211.   Published online June 21, 2012
Purpose

The increasing prevalence of breast feeding has led to concerns about vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children. We evaluated the prevalence of VDD in a population of Korean children with IDA and assessed the risk factors for VDD in these children.

Methods

A total of 79 children who were diagnosed with IDA were prospectively surveyed from April...

Review Article
Nutritional management of breastfeeding infants for the prevention of common nutrient deficiencies and excesses
Jin Soo Moon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2011;54(7):282-286.   Published online July 31, 2011

Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition for every infant, and exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is usually optimal in the common clinical situation. However, inappropriate complementary feeding could lead to a nutrient-deficient status, such as iron deficiency anemia, vitamin D deficiency, and growth faltering. The recent epidemic outbreak of obesity in Korean children emphasizes the need for us to...

Case Report
A case of anemia caused by combined vitamin B12 and iron deficiency manifesting as short stature and delayed puberty
Seung Min Song, Keun Wook Bae, Hoi-Soo Yoon, Ho Joon Im, Jong-Jin Seo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(5):661-665.   Published online May 31, 2010

Anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency resulting from inadequate dietary intake is rare in children in the modern era because of improvements in nutritional status. However, such anemia can be caused by decreased ingestion or impaired absorption and/or utilization of vitamin B12. We report the case of an 18-year-old man with short stature, prepubertal sexual maturation, exertional dyspnea, and severe...

Original Article
Relationship between iron deficiency anemia and febrile convulsion in infants
Youn Soo Jun, Ho Il Bang, Seung Taek Yu, Sae Ron Shin, Du Young Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(3):392-396.   Published online March 15, 2010
Purpose : The association between iron deficiency anemia and febrile convulsion in infants has been examined in several studies with conflicting results. Therefore, the authors aimed to evaluate the precise relationship involved. Methods : In this case-control study, the authors assessed 100 children with a diagnosis of febrile convulsion, aged between 9 months and 2 years, during January 2007 to...
Case Report
Perianastomotic ulceration presenting with long-term iron deficiency anemia and growth failure: A case report and review of the literature
Kyung Ji Kang, Eun Ha Kim, Eun Young Jung, Woo-Hyun Park, Yu-Na Kang, Ae Suk Kim, Jin-Bok Hwang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(1):89-92.   Published online January 15, 2010
Perianastomotic ulceration (PAU) rarely occurs after small bowel resection in infancy. Since the understanding of its pathogenesis is incomplete, an effective method of treatment has not yet been discovered. We report the first case in Korea of a 10-year-old girl with chronic iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and growth failure who was diagnosed with PAU at colonoscopy. Seven years were required...
Original Article
Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and children
Meong Hi Son, Jung Suk Yeom, Ji Suk Park, Eun Sil Park, Ji Hyun Seo, Jae Young Lim, Chan Hoo Park, Hyang Ok Woo, Hee Shang Youn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(5):544-548.   Published online May 15, 2009
Purpose : To elucidate a potential association between Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in infants and children in terms of the other factors related to iron utilization and storage although the association of ferritin was previously studied. Methods : We evaluated 135 infants (aged 6-24 months) admitted at Gyeongsang National University Hospital from 2000 to 2006. Western blot...
Weaning food practice in children with iron deficiency anemia
Joo Hee Chang, Woo Sik Cheong, Yong Hoon Jun, Soon Ki Kim, Hung Sik Kim, Sang Kyu Park, Kyung Ha Ryu, Eun Sun Yoo, Chuhl Joo Lyu, Kun soo Lee, Kwang Chul Lee, Jae Young Lim, Du Young Choi, Byung Kyu Choe, Eun Jin Choi, Bong Soon Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(2):159-166.   Published online February 15, 2009
Purpose : Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in children on a weaning diet. We investigated weaning practices in infants and children, as well as their mothers' knowledge about weaning. Methods : We investigated 129 children with IDA and 166 without IDA (aged 6-36 months) who had visited 10 university hospitals between March 2006...
Case Report
A case of restless legs syndrome in a child presenting with growing pains
Dong Soon Kim, Hong Beom Shin, Young Min Ahn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(11):1222-1227.   Published online November 15, 2008
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological sleep disorder in adults characterized by the following diagnostic criteria: an urge to move that is usually associated with unpleasant sensations and symptoms that are worse at rest, relieved by movement, and most severe at night. The definite diagnosis of RLS in children is stricter and consists of self-description of leg discomfort...
Original Article
Reticulocyte hemoglobin content for the diagnosis of iron deficiency in young children with acute infection
Jon Soo Kim, Jun Seok Choi, Doo Young Choi, Chur Woo You
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(8):827-833.   Published online August 15, 2008
Purpose : Early identification of iron deficiency in young children is essential to prevent damaging long-term consequences. It is often difficult for the pediatrician to know which indices should be used when diagnosing these conditions especially in hospitalized young children. This study investigated the clinical significances of reticulocyte hemoglobin content in young children with acute infection. Methods : We studied...
A comparative study on iron deficiency anemia based on feeding patterns of nine-month-old infants
Hyun Jin Yun, Eun Jeong Choi, Eun Jin Choi, Su Young Hong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(8):820-826.   Published online August 15, 2008
Purpose : This study was conducted to evaluate the red cell indices and frequency of iron deficiency anemia based on the feeding patterns of nine-month-old infants. Methods : Blood tests were performed on 253 nine-month-old infants, who visited Il Sin Christian Hospital for health check- ups from January to December 2007. Their parents answered telephonic questions regarding their feeding patterns...
A study of mothers knowledge of weaning of infants with iron-deficiency anemia
Sung Jin Kim, Dong Hyun Kim, Joo Hee Chang, Yong Hun Jun, Young Jin Hong, Byong Kwan Son, Soon Ki Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(5):468-473.   Published online May 15, 2008
Purpose : Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is still one of the most common nutrient deficiency disorders, despite improvements in general health and nutrition. This study was designed to investigate the diagnostic values of hematological profiles, including the level of ferritin, and to evaluate the knowledge of mothers on weaning practices for infants and young children with IDA. Methods : This study...
The iron status and the relationship between iron deficiency and body mass index in middle school girls
Hee Youn Han, Chang Joo Hee, Hae Sun Shim, Young Jin Hong, Byong Kwan Son, Hwan Cheol Kim, Soon Ki Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(11):1174-1179.   Published online November 15, 2006
Purpose : Obesity and iron deficiency are common nutritional problems. Obese children are known to have iron deficiencies, but one presented opposite opinion in Korea. This study investigated the prevalence of obesity and iron deficiency in Incheon and the relationship between iron deficiency and obesity. Methods : Physical measurement and hematologic examinations were done a 764 healthy female students aged 14...
Clinical Significance of Immature Reticulocyte Fraction and Reticulocyte Cellular Indices in Pediatric Anemia Patients
Young Seo, Hye Lim Jung, Jae Won Shim, Deok Su Kim, Jeong Yeon Shim, Moon Soo Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(3):284-291.   Published online March 15, 2005
Purpose : Flow cytometric automated reticulocyte analysis is a superior method to manual reticulocyte counting, with respect to precision and sensitivity. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis is able to measure immature reticulocyte fraction(IRF) and reticulocyte cellular indices(RCI : cell hemoglobin content : CHr, mean cell volume : MCVr, cell hemoglobin concentration mean : CHCMr, distribytion width : RDWr, HDWr, CHDWr). In...
Clinical Lecture
Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Anemia in Children
Young Tak Lim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(2):121-125.   Published online February 15, 2005
Anemia can be defined as a reduction in blood hemoglobin concentration or red cell mass relative to age matched normal values. Clinical presentation may range from obviously pale and lethargy to an incidental finding during screening of an otherwise well appearing child. The differential diagnosis of anemia in each instance is broad with numerous possible etiologies. A careful history and...
Original Article
Iron Deficiency Anemia and Iron Nutrition in Adolescent Female Athletes
Yang Kyong Kim, Bo Young Kang, Young Jin Hong, Byong Kwan Son, Kwang Hoi Kim, Soon Ki Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2004;47(10):1041-1046.   Published online October 15, 2004
Purpose : Iron deficiency, particularly iron deficiency anemia(IDA) often not only decreases athletic performance but also impairs immune function and leads to other physiologic dysfunctions. This study was designed to assess and compare iron status and the IDA prevalence in female adolescent athletes with those of general adolescent students. Methods : Physical measurements and hematologic examinations were performed for adolescent...
Nutritional Assessment and the Effectiveness of Dietary Counseling in Infants and Young Children with Iron Deficiency Anemia
Ja Kyoung Kim, Eun Young Ko, Yu Jin Lee, Yong Hun Jun, Soon Ki Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2003;46(1):11-16.   Published online January 15, 2003
Purpose : Iron deficiency is still the most common nutrient deficient disorder despite the improvement in general health and nutrition. This study is designed to evaluate the dietary history of infants and young children with iron deficiency anemia(IDA) and the effects of nutritional counseling. Methods : This study was conducted on 120 children from 6 to 36 months of age with...
Anemia and Serum Iron Status in Adolescent Female
Ju Rae Cho, Soon Ki Kim, Sang Kyu Park, Jeong Ok Hah
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2002;45(3):362-369.   Published online March 15, 2002
Purpose : Anemia is still the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide, especially in adolescence because of an insufficient supply of iron, an increased iron requirement due to accelerated physical growth and blood loss due to menstruation in girls. This study was designed to assess the anemia and serum iron status of middle school girls. Methods : Hematologic examinations, physical examinations and...
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Findings of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children
Seon Hee Kim, Cheol Ho Chang, Churl Young Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1998;41(10):1359-1364.   Published online October 15, 1998
Purpose : Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is recognized as the cause of primary or unexplained gastrointestinal diseases in children as well as in adults. However, it is unclear whether H. pylori causes specific clinical symptoms or diseases. Therefore, we studied the clinical manifestations associated with H. pylori infection in consecutive symptomatic children undergoing diagnostic endoscopy. Methods : This study included 42...
Milk Feeding Methods and the Changes of Serum Lactate Level in Infants with Iron Deficiency Anemia
Du Young Choi, Jong Duck Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1998;41(4):514-520.   Published online April 15, 1998
Purpose : Infants undergo critical and rapid stages of growth. Optimal nutrition during this period is therefore essential. Iron deficiency is especially impotant and common. The aim of this study was to determine the present status and problems of milk feeding methods in infants with iron deficiency anemia and, futhermore, to develop appropriate feeding guidelines for adequate iron nutrition. Latate is the end product...
Case Report
Four Cases of Iron Deficiency Anemia with Helicobacter pylori Infection
Houng Soung, Cheol Ho Chang, Churl Young Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1996;39(8):1173-1178.   Published online August 15, 1996
Helicobacter pylori has become apparent that this organism is an etiologic agent of gastrits and peptic ulcer disease in humans. We present four cases of iron deficiency anemia, not specific causes, in 3 males and 1 female patients with Helicobacter pylori infection, who were treated with antibiotics and iron supplemented therapy. Diagnosis was confirmed by endoscopic biopsies and hematologic findings. A brief review of related...
Original Article
The Correlation between the Duration of Breast Feeding and Iron Deficiency Anemia(IDA)
Yee Ja Kang, Ha Sin Park, Hae Jin Choeh, Kyuchul Choeh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1995;38(11):1453-1459.   Published online November 15, 1995
Purpose : Iron deficiency anemia(IDA) is the most common nutritional deficiency. in young infants. This study was designed to determine a correlation between the duration of breast feeding and the severity of IDA, and to determine the recommending start point of iron fortified diet. Methods : The correlation between duration of breast feeding, and severity of iron deficiency. and IDA was...
Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infants
Woon Ja Chung, Kue Sook Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Shin Na Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1995;38(9):1253-1261.   Published online September 15, 1995
Purpose : To study the incidence of iron deficiency anemia we conducted blood tests with questionnaire regrarding weaning status. We tried to figure out the relation between iron deficiency anemia and financial and educational levels of their parents. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the importance of screening for iron deficiency anemia at well baby clinic and educate mothers...
A Study on Nutritional Status of Iron and Lipids in Infants
Kwang-Hea Choi, Son Moon Shin, Kee-Hwa Oh, Jung Sook Seo, Kwang-Soo Kim, Yung-Sun Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1995;38(3):297-305.   Published online March 15, 1995
Purpose : This study was conducted to get baseline data to establish a guideline for the infant nutrition by observing the feeding practice and nutritional intake during infancy and evaluationg the nutritional status of iron and lipids at 12-month-old infants. Methods : This survery was cnducted from July to November, 1992. Subjects were healthy infants who were brought to Yeungnam University...
Case Report
Longterm Follow Up of A Case of Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
So Young Lee, Jeong Kee Seo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1995;38(1):104-109.   Published online January 15, 1995
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis(EG) is a rare disease characterised histologically by eosinophilic infiltration of the gut wall. The clinical features depend on which layer and location are involved. Patients may be divided into three clinical groups as predominantly mucosal, muscle layer, or subserosal disease based on the histological site of eosinophilic infiltration of the bowel wall, although there is lften considerable overlap....
Original Article
Diagnostic Significance of Red Cell Indices in Non-anemic Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia: Reevaluation with ROC Curve
Hwang Min Kim, Won Kyu Choi, Jae Seung Yang, Jong Soo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1994;37(1):33-39.   Published online January 15, 1994
To validate the diagnostic significance of red cell indices in non-anemic iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, complete blood count, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and serum ferritin were measured in 208 middle school girls between 13 and 15 years age. We used Reciever Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve to compare the diagnostic significances of various red cell indices (MCV,...
The Impact of Large Amount Whole Cow's Milk Intake on Iron Status in Early Childhood
Sung Yoon Byun, Mi Ran Park, In Sang Jeon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1993;36(7):968-974.   Published online July 15, 1993
To determine the impact of intake large amount whole cow's milk (WCM) on iron status during early childhood(18~36 months), selected indices of complete blood count (CBC) and iron status were compared between the WCM large amount intake group (n=20) and small amount intake group (n=20). WCM large amount intake children's mean hemoglobin and mean hematocrit were 9.6¡¾1.7g/dl and 30.8¡¾4.5% respectively. These...