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Review Article
Endocrinology
Continuous glucose monitoring in Korean pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: current landscape and clinical implications
Hwa Young Kim, Jaehyun Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):842-851.   Published online October 2, 2025
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed pediatric type 1 diabetes care by facilitating tighter glycemic control, reducing hypoglycemia, and improving quality of life.
Recent advances in CGM technology and the expansion of insurance coverage in Korea have led to its broader adoption.
Emerging metrics such as time in tight range offer refined tools for individualized glycemic assessment, highlighting CGM’s evolving role in personalized pediatric diabetes management.
Understanding of type 1 diabetes mellitus: what we know and where we go
Chong Kun Cheon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2018;61(10):307-314.   Published online October 4, 2018
The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children and adolescents is increasing worldwide. Combined effects of genetic and environmental factors cause T1DM, which make it difficult to predict whether an individual will inherit the disease. Due to the level of self-care necessary in T1DM maintenance, it is crucial for pediatric settings to support achieving optimal glucose control, especially...
Original Article
Genetics and Metabolism
Neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Hasan M. Isa, Masooma S. Mohamed, Afaf M. Mohamed, Adel Abdulla, Fuad Abdulla
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2017;60(4):106-111.   Published online April 25, 2017
Purpose

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency among infants with neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia (NIH); compare G6PD-deficient and G6PD-normal patients regarding hyperbilirubinemia and need for exchange transfusions (ET); and assess risk factors for ET and kernicterus.

Methods

This is a case-control retrospective study. Medical records of NIH patients admitted to the Pediatric Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Bahrain, between...

Evaluation of three glucometers for whole blood glucose measurements at the point of care in preterm or low-birth-weight infants
Joon Ho Hwang, Yong-Hak Sohn, Seong-Sil Chang, Seung Yeon Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(8):301-308.   Published online August 21, 2015
Purpose

We evaluated three blood glucose self-monitoring for measuring whole blood glucose levels in preterm and low-birth-weight infants.

Methods

Between December 1, 2012 and March 31, 2013, 230 blood samples were collected from 50 newborns, who weighed, ≤2,300 g or were ≤36 weeks old, in the the neonatal intensive care unit of Eulji University Hospital. Three blood glucose self-monitoring (A: Precision Pcx, Abbott;...

Neuroprotective effects of L-carnitine against oxygen-glucose deprivation in rat primary cortical neurons
Yu Jin Kim, Soo Yoon Kim, Dong Kyung Sung, Yun Sil Chang, Won Soon Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(7):238-248.   Published online July 17, 2012
Purpose

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is an important cause of neonatal mortality, as this brain injury disrupts normal mitochondrial respiratory activity. Carnitine plays an essential role in mitochondrial fatty acid transport and modulates excess acyl coenzyme A levels. In this study, we investigated whether treatment of primary cultures of rat cortical neurons with L-carnitine was able to prevent neurotoxicity resulting from oxygen-glucose deprivation...

Evaluation of changes in random blood glucose and body mass index during and after completion of chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Kyong-Won Bang, Soo Young Seo, Jae Wook Lee, Pil-Sang Jang, Min Ho Jung, Nack-Gyun Chung, Bin Cho, Dae-Chul Jeong, Byung Kyu Suh, Hack-Ki Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2012;55(4):121-127.   Published online April 30, 2012
Purpose

Improved survival of patients with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has drawn attention to the potential for late consequences of previous treatments among survivors, including metabolic syndrome. In this study, we evaluated changes in 3 parameters, namely, random blood glucose, body mass index (BMI), and Z score for BMI (Z-BMI), in children with ALL during chemotherapy and after completion of...

Effect of hyperglycemia on mortality rates in critically ill children
Seongkuk Kim, Bo Eun Kim, Eun Ju Ha, Mi Young Moon, Seong Jong Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2010;53(3):323-328.   Published online March 15, 2010
Purpose : To verify the effect of hyperglycemia on mortality rates in critically ill children and to identify the blood glucose level that influences prognosis. Methods : From July 2006 to June 2008, a total of 206 patients who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at Asan Medical Center and who survived for more than 7 days...
Case Report
A case of glycogen storage disease type Ib
Moon-Sun Kim, Jae-Bok Park, Chang-Seok Ki, Jin-Kyung Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(12):1383-1387.   Published online December 15, 2009
We report a case of an 18-month-old girl with glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD Ib). Her neutrophil counts had gradually decreased to less than 500/µL by the age of 3 years. However, there were no recurrent bacterial infections. Mutation analysis of the glucose-6-phosphate translocase (G6PT) gene revealed a compound heterozygous missense mutation (Ala148Val/Gly273Asp).
Original Article
Effect of growth hormone on neuronal death in hippocampal slice cultures of neonatal rats exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation
Kyung Sik Hong, Jihui Kang, Myeung Ju Kim, Jeesuk Yu, Young Pyo Chang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2009;52(5):588-593.   Published online May 15, 2009
Purpose : To investigate whether growth hormone (GH) has a protective effect on neurons in hippocampal slice cultures of neonatal rats exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Methods : Cultured hippocampal slices of 7-day-old rats were exposed to OGD for 60 min. Then, the slices were immediately treated with three doses of GH (5, 50, or 500 µM) in media. The...
Injury of neurons by oxygen-glucose deprivation in organotypic hippocampal slice culture
David Chanwook Chung, Kyung Sik Hong, Jihui Kang, Young Pyo Chang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(10):1112-1117.   Published online October 15, 2008
Purpose : We intended to observe cell death and apoptotic changes in neurons in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), using propidium iodide (PI) uptake, Fluoro-Jade (FJ) staining, TUNEL staining and immunofluorescent staining for caspase-3. Methods : The hippocampus of 7-day-old rats was cut into 350 µm slices. The slices were cultured for 10 d (date in vitro, DIV...
Analysis on the association between EEG and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-D-glucose (FDG)-PET findings in children with epilepsy
Yun Jung Hur, Joon Soo Lee, Jong Doo Lee, Heung Dong Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2008;51(3):286-292.   Published online March 15, 2008
Purpose : We performed EEG and PET on children with epilepsy concomitantly in order to evaluate the effects of epileptiform and non-epileptiform discharge of EEG on glucose metabolism. Methods : Seventy three children with epilepsy who had PET and EEG simultaneously were included in our study. The subjects were classified in two ways: (1) based on the frequency of epileptiform...
Review Article
Glucose metabolism and evaluation of hypoglycemia in neonates
Eun Young Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2007;50(3):223-229.   Published online March 15, 2007
The fetus is completely dependent on mother for glucose and other nutrient transfer across the placenta. At birth, when the maternal supply is discontinued, the neonate must adjust to an independent existence. The changes in the neonate's glucose homeostasis during this transition to the extrauterine environment are influenced by the mother's metabolism and intrinsic fetal and placental problems. Maturation of...
Original Article
Effects of growth hormone treatment on glucose metabolism in idiopathic short stature
Seung Yeon Kwon, Duk-Hee Kim, Ho-Seong Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(6):665-671.   Published online June 15, 2006
Purpose : To study the effects of growth hormone(GH) treatment on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in children with idiopathic short stature(ISS). Methods : Glucose and insulin concentrations were measured during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) before and after GH treatment(0.6-0.7 IU/kg/week) in 20 patients with ISS. Insulin resistance was assessed by homeostasis model assessment(HOMA). Results : During OGTT, the mean...
Pain reduction at venipuncture in newborn infants : oral glucose solution, EMLA cream and pacifiers
Sang Kee Park, Eun Young Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2006;49(4):388-393.   Published online April 15, 2006
Purpose : We compared the pain reducing effect of orally administered glucose solution with EMLA cream and pacifiers during venipuncture in newborn infants. Methods : Fifty newborn infants(30 prematures) were enrolled in this study. We performed these four pain-reducing methods to all infants in serial order. Group A(control) did not receive any treatment; to group B, EMLA cream was applied on...
Affecting Factors of Insulin Resistance in Obese Children and Adolescents
Duk Hee Kim, Ho Seon Eun, In Kyung Choi, Ho Seung Kim, Bong Soo Cha, Dong Kee Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(10):1076-1081.   Published online October 15, 2005
Purpose : Insulin resistance is the most important risk factor linked to the development of impaired glucose tolerance(IGT), diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases in childhood and adolescent obesity, The purpose of this study was to see whether insulin resistance of obese adolescent is higher than that of obese children. and to analyze gender difference and affecting factors of insulin resistance. Methods...
Clinical Findings of Genotypes in Korean Patients with Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ia
Jae Sung Ko, Hye Ran Yang, Jong Won Kim, Jeong Kee Seo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2005;48(8):877-880.   Published online August 15, 2005
Purpose : Glycogen storage disease type Ia(GSD Ia) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase(G6Pase). The aim of the study was to investigate the spectrum of G6Pase gene mutations and relationship between genotype and clinical findings in Korean patients with GSD Ia. Methods : Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes of 20 patients with GSD...
Usefulness of Minimal Model Analysis : Measurement of Insulin Sensitivity, Glucose Effectiveness, and Insulin Secretory Capacity from Pancreatic Islet Cells in Children with Simple Obesity or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Se Young Kim, Sei Won Yang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1999;42(4):561-570.   Published online April 15, 1999
Purpose : It is known that insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia from pancreatic islet cells to overcome insulin resistance could develop in children with simple obesity. When insulin resistance is aggravated by decompensation of high insulin secretion, obese children frequently progress to overt type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM). The purpose of the present study was to measure insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness,...
Case Report
A Case of von Gierke Disease
Young A Joe, Moon Young Song, Bin Cho, Soon Ju Lee, In Kyung Sung, Kyong Su Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1997;40(12):1756-1760.   Published online December 15, 1997
von Gierke disease(type Ia glycogen storage disease) is an inherited disease associated with accumulation of glycogen in the liver, kidney, intestine and erythrocytes due to the defect of glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Hepatomegaly, doll face, anemia, bleeding tendency and increased susceptability to infection are common features observed during infancy. Hypoglycemia especially fasting hypoglycemia is typical metabolic derangement in this disease, followed by metabolic acidosis, lactic acidemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia,...
Original Article
Serial Changes of Blood Glucose Levelsin IDDM Patients Using Intermediate-acting Insulin only Therapy
Ye Sik Kim, Mi Jung Park, Duk Hi Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1996;39(4):552-557.   Published online April 15, 1996
Purpose : We investigated the clinical characteristics of IDDM patients, treated with NPH only, and evaluated current problems by measurement of serial blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide for 12 hours after administration of intermediate-acting insulin. Methods : We studied 19 IDDM patients who had been diagnosed and followed up on a regular basis at Severance hospital. They were assigned into 2 groups, one(HbA1c...
Uncooked Cornstarch Therapy in Type I Glycogen-Storage Diasese(GSD-I)
Seon Young Lee, Jeong Kee Seo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1995;38(1):36-46.   Published online January 15, 1995
Purpose : A few years ago it was shown that uncooked cornstarch feeding(UCS) could correct the biochemical abnormalities resulting from a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase in children with type ment. So far, little experience is available with UCS in Korea. We studied to compare the effects on biochemical control and growth of therapy with portacaval shunt and therapy with UCS. Methods : Enghteen...
The Variations of CSF Glucose-To-Blood Glucose Ratio according to the Time of Blood Sampling in Asepetic Meningitis
Dong Gui Jang, Yong Seok Choi, Mee Kyoung Lee, Chang Hee Kim, Dong Jin Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1994;37(12):1687-1692.   Published online December 15, 1994
The Measurement of CSF glucose and CSF glucose-to-blood glucose ratio is a very useful laboratory test for the differential diagnosis of meningitis. We have observed the change of blood glucose & CSF glucose-to-blood glucose ratio according to the time of blood sampling in 84 patients with aseptic meningitis who had been admitted to the department of peditrics, Dong Kang hospital...
Glucose Disappearance Rates in Neonates.
Won Mo Yang, Wea Kyung Shin, Whang Min Kim, Back Keun Lim, Jong Soo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1989;32(12):1637-1641.   Published online December 31, 1989
We measured the glucose diappearance rate(Kt) in 24 normal neonates and in 19 ill neonates by intravenous glucose tolerance test. The results were as follows: 1) The glucose disappearance rate of 2-day-old normal neonates was 1.59±0.8%/min. 2) The glucose disappearance rate of ill neonates who had negative culture studies was 2.08±l. 4%/min. 3) There was no significant difference in glucose disappearance rate between normal neonates and ill neonates who had...
Comparison of the Effects of Portacaval Shunt and Dietary therapy in Type I Gyocogen Storagy Diseases(GSD).
Dong Hyun Ju, Sei Won Yang, Hyung Ro Moon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1988;31(6):762-771.   Published online June 30, 1988
Type I GSD is a metabolic disease resulted from defective glucose-6-phosphatase activities in liver, kindey and intestine. They are characterized by growth retardation, enlargement of liver and kidney, hypoglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia. Various methods were suggested for the management of GSD. They are night-time nasogastric feeding of glucose solution with frequent day-time feeding, intravenous hyperalimentation, cornstarch therapy end-to-side portacaval shunt, etc. In this study, the effects...
Continuous Intravenous Glucose Infusion and Serum Glucose in Neonates.
Hae June Park, Jung sik Rhim, Baek Keun Lim, Jong Soo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1987;30(5):499-503.   Published online May 31, 1987
Serum glucose changes by constant infusion of glucose at the rate of 8 mg/kg/min were studied in 20 neonates. Serum glucose level elevated from 41 ±8 mg/dl to 80 ±31 mg/dl within 10 minutes of infusion. In some cases hyperglycemia above 150 mg/dl was observed from 40 minutes of infusion. Constant glucose infusion was found to be useful for elevation of glucose level...
A study on Glucose Metabolism in Newborn Infants.
Keun Chul Myung, Chang Soo Ra
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1985;28(12):1167-1176.   Published online December 31, 1985
Glucose metabolism in newborn infants has not been clearly defined. A thorough understanding of the physiology of glucose metabolism between mother and newborn infants is necessary in the evaluation of the newborn infant with hypoglycemia. Author studied the serum glucose, insulin, cyclic AMP and glucagon levels in 27 pairs of cord blood in newborn infant and maternal blood at paturition....
A Study on Serum Glucose, Insulin, and hGH Levels of Cord Blood in Newborn.
Cheol Won Park, Chang Soo Ra
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1984;27(10):945-957.   Published online October 31, 1984
We have studied the serum glucose, insulin and hGH levels of cord blood in newborn infants(38 cases) and the serum glucose, insulin and hGH levels of maternal blood at parturition (38 cases). For the purpose of analysis, the study objects were divided into two groups: normal infant group (32 cases) and premature infant group (6 cases). Serum glucose levels were...
Blood Glucose Values in Healthy Premature Infants.
Heung Kyu Kim, Chul Seung Son, Eun Hee Cho
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1984;27(4):319-325.   Published online April 30, 1984
Serial blood glucose values were measured over the first twenty-four hours of life on 202 healthy permature infants. Whose weights were less than 2,300 grams. The 76 infants who were evaluated over a period of four weeks divided into two groups; 22 premature infants weighing less than 1,700 grams at birth, and 54 premature infants weighing over 1,700 grams. Eight...
A Study on Serum Cortical and Glucose Levels of Cord Blood in Newborn.
Ki Chang Song, Chang Soo Ra
Clin Exp Pediatr. 1983;26(4):339-348.   Published online April 30, 1983
We have studied the serum cortisol levels of cord blood in newborn infants (40 cases) and. the serum cortisol levels of maternal blood at parturition (40 cases). And we also studied the serum glucose levels of cord blood in cases of newborn infant. For the purpose of analysis， the study objects were divided into two groups: normal vaginal delivery (35 cases) and cesarian...
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