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Original Article
Severe vitamin D deficiency in preterm infants: maternal and neonatal clinical features
Sook-Hyun Park, Gi-Min Lee, Jung-Eun Moon, Heng-Mi Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(11):427-433.   Published online November 22, 2015
Purpose

We investigated the vitamin D status of preterm infants to determine the incidence of vitamin D deficiency.

Methods

A total of 278 preterm infants delivered at Kyungpook National University Hospital between January 2013 and May 2015 were enrolled. The serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) were measured at birth. We collected maternal and neonatal data such as...

Low levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 at birth may be associated with subsequent development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
Choae Lee, Jaewoo An, Ji Hee Kim, Eun Sun Kim, Soo Hyun Kim, Yeon Kyung Cho, Dong Hyun Cha, Man Yong Han, Kyu Hyung Lee, Youn Ho Sheen
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(11):415-420.   Published online November 22, 2015
Purpose

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is characterized by inflammation with proteolytic damage to the lung extracellular matrix. The results from previous studies are inconsistent regarding the role of proteinases and antiproteinases in the development of BPD. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2, and TIMP-1 levels in the serum of...

Review Article
Early-onset epileptic encephalopathies and the diagnostic approach to underlying causes
Su-Kyeong Hwang, Soonhak Kwon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(11):407-414.   Published online November 22, 2015

Early-onset epileptic encephalopathies are one of the most severe early onset epilepsies that can lead to progressive psychomotor impairment. These syndromes result from identifiable primary causes, such as structural, neurodegenerative, metabolic, or genetic defects, and an increasing number of novel genetic causes continue to be uncovered. A typical diagnostic approach includes documentation of anamnesis, determination of seizure semiology, electroencephalography, and...

Original Article
The efficacy and safety of Montelukast sodium in the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Sang Bum Kim, Jang Hoon Lee, Juyoung Lee, Seung Han Shin, Ho Sun Eun, Soon Min Lee, Jin A Sohn, Han Suk Kim, Byung Min Choi, Min Soo Park, Kook In Park, Ran Namgung, Moon Sung Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(9):347-353.   Published online September 21, 2015
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Montelukast sodium in the prevention of bronchopulmonarydysplasia (BPD).

Methods

The Interventional study was designed as a multicenter, prospective, and randomized trial, with open labeled and parallel-experimental groups, 66 infants were enrolled and allocated to either the case group (n=30) or the control group (n=36) based on gestational age (GA)....

Evaluation of three glucometers for whole blood glucose measurements at the point of care in preterm or low-birth-weight infants
Joon Ho Hwang, Yong-Hak Sohn, Seong-Sil Chang, Seung Yeon Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(8):301-308.   Published online August 21, 2015
Purpose

We evaluated three blood glucose self-monitoring for measuring whole blood glucose levels in preterm and low-birth-weight infants.

Methods

Between December 1, 2012 and March 31, 2013, 230 blood samples were collected from 50 newborns, who weighed, ≤2,300 g or were ≤36 weeks old, in the the neonatal intensive care unit of Eulji University Hospital. Three blood glucose self-monitoring (A: Precision Pcx, Abbott;...

Comparison of gastric and other bowel perforations in preterm infants: a review of 20 years' experience in a single institution
Do Kyung Lee, So Yeon Shim, Su Jin Cho, Eun Ae Park, Sun Wha Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(8):288-293.   Published online August 21, 2015
Purpose

In this study, we aimed to review the clinical presentation of preterm infants with gastrointestinal perforations and compare the clinical features of gastric perforation with other intestinal perforations.

Methods

The medical records of preterm neonates with pneumoperitoneum, admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) between January 1994 and December 2013, were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Twenty-one preterm infants underwent exploratory laparotomy to investigate the...

Iron and vitamin D status in breastfed infants and their mothers
Yu Sun Kang, Joon Hwan Kim, Eun Hee Ahn, Eun-Gyong Yoo, Moon Kyu Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(8):283-287.   Published online August 21, 2015
Purpose

We assessed the relationships between iron and vitamin D statuses in breastfed infants and their mothers and evaluated the determinants of iron and vitamin D deficiencies in breastfed infants.

Methods

Seventy breastfed infants aged 4-24 months and their mothers participated in this study from February 2012 to May 2013. Complete blood counts, total iron binding capacity, and levels of C-reactive protein, iron,...

Thyroid dysfunction in very low birth weight preterm infants
Ji Hoon Lee, Sung Woo Kim, Ga Won Jeon, Jong Beom Sin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(6):224-229.   Published online June 22, 2015
Purpose

Thyroid dysfunction is common in preterm infants. Congenital hypothyroidism causes neurodevelopmental impairment, which is preventable if properly treated. This study was conducted to describe the characteristics of thyroid dysfunction in very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs), evaluate risk factors of hypothyroidism, and suggest the reassessment of thyroid function with an initially normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) as part of a newborn...

Validity of bag urine culture for predicting urinary tract infections in febrile infants: a paired comparison of urine collection methods
Geun-A Kim, Ja-Wook Koo
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(5):183-189.   Published online May 22, 2015
Purpose

Catheter urine (CATH-U) and suprapubic aspiration (SPA) are reliable urine collection methods for confirming urinary tract infections (UTI) in infants. However, noninvasive and easily accessible collecting bag urine (CBU) is widely used, despite its high contamination rate. This study investigated the validity of CBU cultures for diagnosing UTIs, using CATH-U culture results as the gold standard.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 210 infants,...

Review Article
Nutritional strategy of early amino acid administration in very low birth weight infants
Byong Sop Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(3):77-83.   Published online March 20, 2015

Relative to a fetus of the same gestational age, very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are more likely to be underfed and to undergo growth restriction during their early hospital stay. The current trend towards "early and aggressive" nutritional strategies in VLBW infants aims to overcome the early nutritional deficiency and thereby boost postnatal catch-up growth, simultaneously improving long-term neurodevelopmental...

Original Article
Postnatal weight gain in the first two weeks as a predicting factor of severe retinopathy of prematurity requiring treatment
Jongmoon Kim, Jang Yong Jin, Sung Shin Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(2):52-59.   Published online February 28, 2015
Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the relative weight gain at 2-week intervals up to 6 weeks after birth to predict retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) requiring treatment among very low birth weight infants.

Methods

A total of 211 preterm infants with birth weights <1,500 g and gestational age <32 weeks were retrospectively reviewed. The main outcome was the development of ROP requiring treatment....

Case Report
Neonatal invasive Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus infection with delayed central nervous system complications
Jung-Weon Park, So-Hee Eun, Eui-Chong Kim, Moon-Woo Seong, Yun-Kyung Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2015;58(1):33-36.   Published online January 31, 2015

Group D streptococci are known to cause newborn septicemia and meningitis, but the Streptococcus bovis group strains rarely cause serious neonatal infections in Korea. Central nervous system (CNS) complications of neonatal S. bovis group infection have rarely been reported. In adults, S. bovis group strains cause bacteremia and endocarditis, and are associated with gastrointestinal malignancy. However, only a few studies...

Review Article
Necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns: update in pathophysiology and newly emerging therapeutic strategies
Young Youn Choi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(12):505-513.   Published online December 31, 2014

While the survival of extremely premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome has increased due to advanced respiratory care in recent years, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains the leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. NEC is more prevalent in lower gestational age and lower birth weight groups. It is characterized by various degrees of mucosal or transmural necrosis of the intestine....

Adrenal and thyroid function in the fetus and preterm infant
Hye Rim Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(10):425-433.   Published online October 31, 2014

Adrenal and thyroid hormones are essential for the regulation of intrauterine homeostasis, and for the timely differentiation and maturation of fetal organs. These hormones play complex roles during fetal life, and are believed to underlie the cellular communication that coordinates maternal-fetal interactions. They serve to modulate the functional adaptation for extrauterine life during the perinatal period. The pathophysiology of systemic...

Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment for children born small for gestational age
Il Tae Hwang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(9):379-383.   Published online September 30, 2014

Recombinant growth hormone (GH) is an effective treatment for short children who are born small for gestational age (SGA). Short children born SGA who fail to demonstrate catch-up growth by 2-4 years of age are candidates for GH treatment initiated to achieve catch-up growth to a normal height in early childhood, maintain a normal height gain throughout childhood, and achieve...

Original Article
Clinical characteristics and serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide as a diagnostic marker of Kawasaki disease in infants younger than 3 months of age
Hyun Kyung Bae, Do Kyung Lee, Jung Hyun Kwon, Hae Soon Kim, Sejung Sohn, Young Mi Hong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(8):357-362.   Published online August 25, 2014
Purpose

The incidence of Kawasaki disease (KD) is rare in young infants (less than 3 months of age), who present with only a few symptoms that fulfill the clinical diagnostic criteria. The diagnosis for KD can therefore be delayed, leading to a high risk of cardiac complications. We examined the clinical characteristics and measured the serum levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic...

Fecal calprotectin concentration in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis
Jung Min Yoon, Ju Yi Park, Kyung Ok Ko, Jae Woo Lim, Eun Jeong Cheon, Hyo Jeong Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(8):351-356.   Published online August 25, 2014
Purpose

Among the many factors associated with acute intestinal mucosal infection, numerous studies have proposed the usefulness of fecal calprotectin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of fecal calprotectin in the diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

Methods

We collected 154 stool samples from 16 very low birth weight and premature newborns at the Konyang University Hospital neonatal intensive care...

Review Article
Mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for neuroprotection in preterm infants with severe intraventricular hemorrhage
So Yoon Ahn, Yun Sil Chang, Won Soon Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(6):251-256.   Published online June 30, 2014

Severe intraventricular hemorrhaging (IVH) in premature infants and subsequent posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) causes significant mortality and life-long neurological complications, including seizures, cerebral palsy, and developmental retardation. However, there are currently no effective therapies for neonatal IVH. The pathogenesis of PHH has been mainly explained by inflammation within the subarachnoid spaces due to the hemolysis of extravasated blood after IVH. Obliterative...

Determinants of sensitization to allergen in infants and young children
Hyeong Yun Kim, Youn Ho Shin, Man Yong Han
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(5):205-210.   Published online May 31, 2014

Atopic sensitization is a complex phenomenon that changes dynamically with age throughout childhood; its prevalence increases with age in young children. Additionally, with increasing age, the prevalence of sensitization to inhalant allergens and the prevalence of polysensitization to allergens increase. It is also well established that the development of atopic sensitization is the result of a complex interplay of genetic...

Case Report
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided thrombin injection is effective even in infants with external iliac artery pseudoaneurysms
Min-Jung Cho, Ung-Bae Jeon, Ki-Seok Choo, Hyoung-Doo Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(4):199-201.   Published online April 30, 2014

Iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms are extremely rare in children. Conventional management of pseudoaneurysms in adults has included surgical repair, ultrasound-guided compression, and more recently, endovascular embolization. However, in infants and children, there is little information regarding the applicability of such treatment modalities, which have been effective in adults, because of its rarity. Here, we present the case of a 6-month-old infant who...

Original Article
The relationship between eosinophilia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants at less than 34 weeks' gestation
Joo Yun Yang, Jihei Cha, So-Yeon Shim, Su Jin Cho, Eun Ae Park
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(4):171-177.   Published online April 30, 2014
Purpose

Eosinophilia is common in premature infants, and its incidence increases with a shorter gestation period. We investigated the clinical significance of eosinophilia in premature infants born at <34 weeks gestation.

Methods

We analyzed the medical records of premature infants born at <34 weeks gestation who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital between January 2003...

Review Article
Evidence for adverse effect of perinatal glucocorticoid use on the developing brain
Young Pyo Chang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(3):101-109.   Published online March 31, 2014

The use of glucocorticoids (GCs) in the perinatal period is suspected of being associated with adverse effects on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants. Repeated administration of antenatal GCs to mothers at risk of preterm birth may adversely affect fetal growth and head circumference. Fetal exposure to excess GCs during critical periods of brain development may profoundly modify the limbic...

Original Article
Characteristics of thyroid nodules in infant with congenital hypothyroidism
Seo Young Youn, Jeong Ho Lee, Yun-Woo Chang, Dong Hwan Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2014;57(2):85-90.   Published online February 24, 2014
Purpose

This study aimed to assess the characteristics of thyroid nodules among infants diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism.

Methods

A retrospective study of 660 infants (374 males, 286 females) diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism was carried out at the Pediatric Endocrine Clinic in Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Korea, between May 2003 and February 2013. The average age at diagnosis was 1.16±1.68 months.

Results

Of the 28 patients (4.2%)...

Association between cord blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and respiratory tract infections in the first 6 months of age in a Korean population: a birth cohort study (COCOA)
Youn Ho Shin, Jinho Yu, Kyung Won Kim, Kangmo Ahn, Seo-Ah Hong, Eun Lee, Song-I Yang, Young-Ho Jung, Hyung Young Kim, Ju-Hee Seo, Ji-Won Kwon, Byoung-Ju Kim, Hyo-Bin Kim, Jung Yeon Shim, Woo Kyung Kim, Dae Jin Song, So-Yeon Lee, Soo Young Lee, Gwang Cheon Jang, Dong In Suh, Hyeon-Jong Yang, Bong Sung Kim, Suk-Joo Choi, Soo-Young Oh, Ja-Young Kwon, Kyung-Ju Lee, Hee Jin Park, Pil Ryang Lee, Hye-Sung Won, Soo-Jong Hong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2013;56(10):439-445.   Published online October 31, 2013
Purpose

Previous studies suggest that the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in cord blood may show an inverse association with respiratory tract infections (RTI) during childhood. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of 25(OH)D concentrations in cord blood on infant RTI in a Korean birth cohort.

Methods

The levels of 25(OH)D in cord blood obtained from 525 Korean...

Review Article
Kawasaki disease in infants
Jung Sook Yeom, Hyang Ok Woo, Ji Sook Park, Eun Sil Park, Ji-Hyun Seo, Hee-Shang Youn
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2013;56(9):377-382.   Published online September 30, 2013

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile illness that is the predominant cause of pediatric acquired heart disease in infants and young children. Because the diagnosis of KD depends on clinical manifestations, incomplete cases are difficult to diagnose, especially in infants younger than 1 year. Incomplete clinical manifestations in infants are related with the development of KD-associated coronary artery abnormalities....

Recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents: the Korean Pediatric Society, 2013
Dae Sun Jo, Jong-Hyun Kim, Eun Hwa Choi, Su Eun Park, Yae-Jean Kim, Yun Kyung Kim, Jina Lee, Byung Wook Eun, Soo Young Lee, Hyunju Lee, Ki Hwan Kim, Kyung-Hyo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2013;56(6):231-234.   Published online June 21, 2013

This article contains the recommended immunization schedule by the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the Korean Pediatric Society, updated in March 2013, when Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine is now included in the National Immunization Program in Korea. It also includes catch-up immunization schedule for children and adolescents who are behind the recommended schedule. These schedules are a minor revision...

Original Article
Depression and marital intimacy level in parents of infants with sleep onset association disorder: a preliminary study on the effect of sleep education
Sihyoung Lee, Seonkyeong Rhie, Kyu Young Chae
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2013;56(5):211-217.   Published online May 28, 2013
Purpose

Sleep onset association disorder (SOAD) is a form of behavioral insomnia observed in children that is caused by inappropriate sleep training. SOAD typically disturbs the sleep of not only infants and children but also their parents. We investigated levels of depression and marital intimacy among parents of infants with typical SOAD, to understand the influence of SOAD on family dynamics,...

Vitamin D deficiency in infants aged 1 to 6 months
You Jin Choi, Moon Kyu Kim, Su Jin Jeong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2013;56(5):205-210.   Published online May 28, 2013
Purpose

The aim of this study was to recognize the state of vitamin D among healthy infants aged 1 to 6 months in South Korea, and also to identify the risk factors affecting the level of vitamin D.

Methods

A total of 117 infants were enrolled in this study for 12 months, from March 1, 2011 to February 29, 2012. Serum levels of...

Analysis of the association between necrotizing enterocolitis and transfusion of red blood cell in very low birth weight preterm infants
Seon-Yeong Bak, Sihyoung Lee, Jae-Hong Park, Kyu-Hee Park, Ji-Hyun Jeon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2013;56(3):112-115.   Published online March 18, 2013
Purpose

To investigate the association between necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and red blood cell transfusions in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants.

Methods

We studied were 180 VLBW preterm infants who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of CHA Gangnam Hospital from January of 2006 to December of 2009. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: an NEC group (greater than...

Review Article
Oxidative stress and the antioxidant enzyme system in the developing brain
So-Yeon Shim, Han-Suk Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2013;56(3):107-111.   Published online March 18, 2013

Preterm infants are vulnerable to the oxidative stress due to the production of large amounts of free radicals, antioxidant system insufficiency, and immature oligodendroglial cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in the development of periventricular leukomalacia. The three most common ROS are superoxide (O2•-), hydroxyl radical (OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Under normal physiological conditions, a balance...



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