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Review Article
Gastroenterology
Neonatal ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis syndrome caused by a novel CLDN1 mutation: a case report and literature review
Upasana Ghosh, Ankit Agrawal, Varunvenkat M. Srinivasan, Rani Manisha, Umesh Shukla, Vikas Jain, Mayank Nilay, Harish Kumar
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):858-867.   Published online October 2, 2025
· Neonatal ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cholestasis and manifestations such as generalized ichthyosis, alopecia, and dental anomalies.
· The clinical features of NISCH syndrome are distinct and necessitate an early genetic diagnosis.
· The disease phenotype can vary significantly, ranging from no liver involvement and transient neonatal cholestasis to end-stage liver disease.
· Management requires a multidisciplinary approach with long-term follow-up.
General Pediatrics
Bridging the gap: autism spectrum disorder in children in the United States and worldwide: a narrative review
Sandhya J. Kadam, Malika Goel
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):852-857.   Published online October 2, 2025
The prevalence of autism is increasing worldwide. The United States has the highest numbers, likely due to the availability of better treatment options. However, global disparities exist, especially in low-resource settings in which stigma, underdiagnosis, and limited services hinder care. A coordinated international approach emphasizing early screening, inclusive policies, and culturally sensitive support systems can bridge this gap and improve the outcomes for children with autism and their families worldwide.
Endocrinology
Continuous glucose monitoring in Korean pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: current landscape and clinical implications
Hwa Young Kim, Jaehyun Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):842-851.   Published online October 2, 2025
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed pediatric type 1 diabetes care by facilitating tighter glycemic control, reducing hypoglycemia, and improving quality of life.
Recent advances in CGM technology and the expansion of insurance coverage in Korea have led to its broader adoption.
Emerging metrics such as time in tight range offer refined tools for individualized glycemic assessment, highlighting CGM’s evolving role in personalized pediatric diabetes management.
General Pediatrics
Impact of screen exposure during pediatric ages including multifaceted aggravating factors: a literature review
Daniel González-Pérez, David Sebastián Huertas-Moreno, Manuela Granados-Pinilla, Sofía Hernandez-Rojas, Laura González-Rincon, Geraldine Hurtado-Garcia, Simón Grisales-Calle, María José González-Mariño, Luz Dary Gutierrez-Castañeda, Jhon Camacho-Cruz
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(10):751-760.   Published online September 24, 2025
Excessive screen time in children is linked to obesity, overweight, sedentary behavior, depression and mood disorders, myopia, behavioral changes, sleep disturbances, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, among others. Polymorphisms in genes like FTO, CACNA1D, and DRD2 could further increase these risks. Implementing strategies such as limiting screen use, creating screen-free zones, and monitoring content is essential to mitigate adverse physical and mental health effects in the pediatric population.
Infection
Recommendation for use of a long-acting monoclonal antibody to prevent respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants and young children
Soo-Han Choi, Dong Hyun Kim, Jong Gyun Ahn, Ki Wook Yun, Byung-Wook Eun, Jin Lee, Jina Lee, Taek-Jin Lee, Hyunju Lee, Dae Sun Jo, Eun Young Cho, Hye-Kyung Cho, Young June Choe, Ui Yoon Choi, Yun-Kyung Kim; The Committee on Infectious Diseases of the Korean Pediatric Society
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(10):742-750.   Published online September 3, 2025
To prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated lower respiratory tract infections, a single dose of nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody, is recommended for all neonates born during the RSV season (October to March) and all infants younger than 6 months old at the start of the RSV season. Nirsevimab should be administered shortly after birth to neonates and just before or early in the season to infants entering their first RSV season.
Other
Artificial intelligence in pediatric healthcare: current applications, potential, and implementation considerations
Taejin Park, In-Hee Lee, Seung Wook Lee, Sek Won Kong
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(9):641-651.   Published online June 25, 2025
Artificial intelligence (AI) offers potential benefits in pediatric care, but its real-world adoption requires clinician literacy, ethical and legal safeguards, and cautious implementation. Large language models are emerging across healthcare, but their use in pediatric clinical practice remains premature. Thus, the cautious and accountable implementation of AI is crucial to preventing unintended harm and realizing its potential.
Cost-effectiveness of newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency: a systematic review
Rezwanul Rana, Syed Afroz Keramat, Moin Ahmed
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(9):628-640.   Published online April 16, 2025
Universal newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) demonstrates robust cost-effectiveness across diverse high-income healthcare systems, both from healthcare and societal standpoints. Early detection yields substantial savings. While uncertainties persist, impacting precise cost-effectiveness, the overall finding is positive. Future research must prioritize enhanced data collection and statistical rigor to refine our understanding of SCID's economic impact within the Australian context.
Myopia: a review of current concepts, association with nonophthalmological conditions, and treatment strategy in children and adolescents
Yeon Woong Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(8):554-565.   Published online April 1, 2025
Myopia is a major ophthalmological disorder with increasing prevalence worldwide, particularly in East Asia. Evidence indicates that its development involves complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Body stature, sleep patterns, and nutritional status significantly influence the progression of myopia during childhood and adolescence. Its treatment and prevention strategies include optical correction, atropine therapy, increased outdoor activity, decreased near work, and regular retinal monitoring.
Immunology
NLRP3 inflammasome: a key player in neonatal brain injury
Cagla Kiser, Ilkcan Ercan, Defne Engur, Sermin Genc
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):475-485.   Published online April 1, 2025
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is the major cause of neonatal brain injury. NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome activation leads to neuroinflammation, which significantly affects newborn mortality. The establishment of preventive and therapeutic strategies against brain damage requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation and inflammasome activation in the neonatal brain.
Other
Peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the head and neck in patients with APC gene deletion mutations: a case report and scoping review of the literature
Koral M. Blunt, Monirah Albathi, Miriam Conces, Tendy Chiang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):428-433.   Published online January 13, 2025
In this report, we describe our experience with a patient with an APC-related genetic syndrome who presented with a rare palatal lesion with characteristics of a schwannoma. We discuss the role of immunohistochemical staining in discerning the differential diagnosis.
Endocrinology
Impact of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on growth outcomes in mucopolysaccharidosis: a systematic review
Farzaneh Abbasi, Asal Khalili Dehkordi, Reihaneh Mohsenipour
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):417-427.   Published online March 11, 2025
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) enhances the growth outcomes of pediatric patients with mucopolysaccharidosis, with early intervention leading to improved height, weight, and body mass index. However, achieving a standard adult height remains uncommon among these patients, even in cases of early HSCT. Growth hormone therapy provides short-term benefits but does not address long-term height deficits. Pubertal development is generally normal; however, precocious puberty and pubertal arrest may occur.
Critical Care Medicine
Protocolized sedation may reduce ventilation and sedation requirements in the pediatric intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ambrus Szemere, Alíz Fazekas, Anna Réka Sebestyén, Rani Ezzeddine, Veronika Upor, Marie Anne Engh, Péter Hegyi, Zsolt Molnár, Klára Horváth
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):406-416.   Published online February 19, 2025
Protocolized sedation may reduce ventilation requirements, pediatric intensive care unit length of stay, and sedative exposure. However, it may increase the likelihood of unplanned extubation, highlighting the importance of incorporating preventive measures to mitigate this risk.
Allergy
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin levels can predict allergic disease development and atopic march in children
Zak Callaway, Chang-Keun Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):398-405.   Published online February 3, 2025
· Allergic march occurs in a subset of children, beginning with atopic dermatitis and progressing to food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and/or asthma. Its early diagnosis is important to slowing its progression.
· Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), an excellent biomarker of eosinophil activity, is often elevated in allergic diseases.
· EDN levels have been used to predict allergic disease development and diagnose, treat, and monitor allergic diseases.
Nutrition
The Korea Infant Physical Growth Examination Survey (KIPGroS): a study protocol
Jong Woo Hahn, MinSoo Shin, Jin Gyu Lim, Yoon-Joo Kim, Ki Soo Kang, Narae Lee, Seong Hee Jeong, Mun Hui Jeong, Yeoun Joo Lee, Eui Kyung Choi, Jung Ok Shim, Jee Yoon Park, Chan-Wook Park, Joo Young Kim, Su Jin Jeong, Young Hwa Jung, Jaehyun Kim, Chang Won Choi, Ju Whi Kim, Seung Han Shin, Yun Jeong Lee, Young Ah Lee, Choong-Ho Shin, Seung-sik Hwang, Young Eun Kim, Youn Ha Kang, Kyungwon Oh, Sungha Yun, Jae Sung Ko, Jin Soo Moon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(5):352-358.   Published online February 13, 2025
The suitability of World Health Organization (WHO) growth charts for assessing the growth of children under 3 years of age in all countries remains controversial, and their applicability must be evaluated based on country-specific growth data. The Korea Infant Physical Growth Examination Survey evaluated the suitability of WHO growth charts to contribute to the next revision of growth charts in Korea.
Gastroenterology
Anxiety disorders presenting as gastrointestinal symptoms in children – a scoping review
Anjali Kumar, Pramodh Vallabhaneni
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(5):344-351.   Published online January 13, 2025
A positive bidirectional relationship between gastrointestinal disorders and anxiety, but with no clear aetiology, was identified. Factors such as somatisation and pain catastrophising resulted in poorer pain-related outcomes in children. Further studies are required to understand this relationship in order to have targeted treatments and ensure better long term outcomes.
Allergy
Global burden of asthma among children and adolescents with projections to 2050: a comprehensive review and forecasted modeling study
Tae Hyeon Kim, Hyunjee Kim, Jiyeon Oh, Soeun Kim, Michael Miligkos, Dong Keon Yon, Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(5):329-343.   Published online April 22, 2025
Pediatric asthma can persist to adulthood and must be effectively managed. This review examined the prevalence of asthma among individuals younger than 20 years and revealed a decline from 1990 to 2021, higher rates in males, and a peak in children aged 5–9 years. Despite a projected continued decrease in prevalence by 2050, asthma will remain a significant health concern for children and adolescents.
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Recent advances in understanding pathophysiology of non-nutritional stunting in very preterm infants
Eduardo Cuestas, Alina Rizzotti
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(4):287-297.   Published online December 23, 2024
· Previous reviews of extrauterine growth restriction focused mainly on weight growth restriction caused by nutritional factors or pathological conditions.
· This review summarizes recent developments in the pathophysiology of nonnutritional length growth restriction in very preterm infants with focus on the impact of sustained neonatal inflammation on their short- and long-term outcomes.
· Further research is needed to investigate optimal strategies to improve length growth restriction in very preterm infants.
Cardiology
Lifelong impact of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood
Junhyun Kwon, Eunji Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(4):278-286.   Published online November 28, 2024
· Childhood blood pressure (BP) is significantly associated with adult hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
· Despite ongoing debate regarding the need for regular BP screening and early pharmacotherapy in children, the benefits of optimizing BP throughout childhood are clear.
· Childhood presents a critical window for normalizing BP through lifestyle modifications such as reducing sodium intake and increasing physical activity to promote lifelong cardiovascular health and prevent longterm complications.
Neurology
Cerebral organoid research for pediatric patients with neurological disorders
Jin Eun, Jung Eun Lee, Seung Ho Yang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(4):269-277.   Published online November 28, 2024
Cerebral organoids obtained from human induced pluripotent stem cells are transforming the study of pediatric neurological diseases by providing more accurate models of human brain development and pathology. These advancements have improved pathology modeling and the potential for novel therapeutic approaches despite existing challenges such as reproducibility and vascularization.
Endocrinology
Hidden link between endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pediatric obesity
Min Won Shin, Shin-Hye Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(3):199-222.   Published online November 28, 2024
Studies indicate potential connections between exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and childhood obesity. Variations in the impact of EDCs in epidemiological studies may result from differences in exposure concentrations and timing, measurement methods, and interactive effects of multiple EDCs. Longitudinal studies on exposure to multiple EDCs are crucial to elucidating their contribution to pediatric obesity and minimize the adverse health consequences of EDC exposure.
Gastroenterology
Practical concepts and strategies for early diagnosis and management of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders in East-Asian children
Byung-Ho Choe
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(3):185-198.   Published online November 13, 2024
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) often coexist with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and other IgE or non-IgE mediated GI diseases. Diagnosing EGIDs requires a high index of suspicion and a comprehensive approach to differentiate them from conditions like inflammatory bowel disease. Tests such as fecal calprotectin and biopsies aid in severe cases. Maintaining a food diary helps identify triggers for long-term elimination. Awareness and education are key to effective management.
Value of transabdominal ultrasonography for diagnosing functional constipation in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Duc Long Tran, Phu Nguyen Trong Tran, Paweena Susantitaphong, Phichayut Phinyo, Palittiya Sintusek
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):127-135.   Published online November 13, 2024
Transabdominal ultrasonography is increasingly used as a novel modality for detecting pediatric functional constipation (FC). This systematic review and metaanalysis aimed to assess the diagnostic parameters of FC including rectal diameter (RD) and anterior rectal wall thickness. A systematic search was conducted of the Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and PubMed databases through September 29, 2023, to identify studies comparing RD...
General Pediatrics
Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in Malaysia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ker Yang Chua, Ker Yung Chua, Karuthan Chinna, Chooi Ling Lim, Maheeka Seneviwickrama
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):115-126.   Published online November 13, 2024
The incidence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide. National surveys in Malaysia have shown similar trends. This review aimed to increase our understanding of the prevalence and associated factors of childhood overweight, obesity, and excess weight in Malaysia. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted of studies reporting the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Malaysian children aged <18 years....
Hematology
Promising role of voxelotor in managing sickle cell disease in children: a narrative review
Amit Agrawal, Gaurav Jadon, Japna Singh, Dalwinder Janjua
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):106-114.   Published online November 13, 2024
Voxelotor has promising ability to increase hemoglobin levels and reduce hemolysis markers in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Several preclinical and phase II/III trials have demonstrated its efficacy, dose-dependent responses, and tolerability in children. Ongoing trials are assessing its safety and effectiveness in various populations, including children younger than 12 years. These findings suggest its potential as a disease-modifying drug, warranting further exploration of its role in SCD management.
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Need for national guidance regarding proactive care of infants born at 22–23 weeks' gestation
Ga Won Jeon
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):53-61.   Published online November 13, 2024
With advancements in neonatal intensive care, the limit of viability has shifted to 22–23 weeks' gestation, whose survival rates vary across countries and institutions. These rates are not static and can be improved through the proactive and centralized care guided by national protocols, including maternal transfer to high-activity regions with better neonatal intensive care practices before delivery.
Endocrinology
A review of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in endocrine-related disorders
Nur Faten Hafizah Rosli, Noor Shafina Mohd Nor, Rose Adzrianee Adnan, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):30-52.   Published online November 6, 2024
· The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high among children and adolescents and mainly attributed to changes in environmental factors.
· Vitamin D hormone-like properties are associated with many endocrine-related disorders.
· The effect of vitamin D is modulated by the vitamin D receptor, polymorphisms of which are reportedly associated with an increased risk of disease development in children and adolescents.
Other
Global trends in importance of 24-hour movement behaviors to pediatric health: implications for South Korea
Eun-Young Lee, Reyana Jayawardena, Seiyeong Park, Justin Y Jeon, Yeon-Soo Kim, Mark S. Tremblay
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):16-29.   Published online November 11, 2024
· The 24-hour movement behavior paradigm provides an important framework for future pediatric health promotion efforts.
· Policy priorities should include advancing surveillance and monitoring assessments related to 24-hour movement behaviors, evaluating their implementation in school and government policies, and building preparedness for future pandemics and natural disasters, including climate change, by promoting healthy 24-hour movement behaviors.
· Future research should advocate for the promotion of 24- hour movement behaviors.
Microplastic and human health with focus on pediatric well-being: a comprehensive review and call for future studies
Rogers Wainkwa Chia, Ntegang Venant Atem, Jin-Yong Lee, Jihye Cha
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):1-15.   Published online November 6, 2024
· Milk and formula are common sources of microplastic in infants.
· Water and air are the most common sources of microplastic pollution from infancy to adolescence.
· Microplastic use by children of all ages can cause cell damage and affect their health.
· Microplastics present in children can be quantified using a stereomicroscope and characterized using micro- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Adolescence Medicine
Diet-related behaviors affecting health and substance use among children and adolescents
Ji-Hyun Seo, Sochung Chung
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(12):664-671.   Published online October 31, 2024
· Diet behaviors in children and adolescents are influenced by environmental and sociocultural factors.
· Unhealthy diet behaviors and poor diet quality are the main contributing factors to noncommunicable diseases and mental health problems during childhood and adolescence.
· Smoking and alcohol drinking in children and adolescents may be associated with unhealthy diet behavior or poor diet quality.
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Strategies to support language development in neonatal intensive care unit: a narrative review
Ju Sun Heo, Ee-Kyung Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(12):651-663.   Published online November 6, 2024
· Preterm infants often experience speech and language development delays during early childhood, impacting children's ultimate outcomes.
· Promoting breastfeeding, increasing parent-infant interactions in a single-family room, promoting a nurturing language environment by parental book reading and language interventions, and parent-integrated interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit could potentially enhance children's language development.
· Integrating these strategies through family-centered care is essential.
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