• Search
  • Advanced Search

Most cited

  • HOME
  • BROWSE ARTICLES
  • Most cited

Most-cited articles are from the articles published during the last two years (2024 ~ ).

Review Article
Developmental and Behavioral Medicine
Effect of pesticide exposure on stunting incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sani Rachman Soleman, Yaltafit Abror Jeem, Muhammad Fathi Banna Al Faruqi, Mahdea Kasyiva, Vita Widyasari, Kuswati Kuswati, Nur Aini Djunet, Muflihah Rizkawati, Ety Sari Handayani
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(10):510-518.   Published online September 24, 2024
This review aimed to determine whether pesticide exposure is associated with stunting in children. The 13 included studies agree that pesticide exposure is not correlated with stunting incidence regardless of substance type (organophosphate and pyrethroid). Heterogeneity appeared with age covariate as potential confounding. The evidence of this study is challeng-ing, as the adverse effects of pesticides grossly occurred. The protection of children is warranted for preventing future neurodevelopment issues.
Endocrinology
Testosterone therapy in boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty: a PubMed-based systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis
Ashraf T. Soliman, Fawzia Alyafei, Nada Alaaraj, Noor Hamed, Shayma Ahmed, Khaled A. Siddiq, Mohammed Qusad, Mohamed AlKhalaf
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(7):531-541.   Published online June 18, 2026
In boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty, a short course of low-dose testosterone consistently accelerates linear growth and advances pubertal maturation. Long-term follow-up studies do not show a clinically meaningful effect of conservative regimens on near-adult height. As the pooled quantitative evidence represents only 46 boys in 2 controlled studies, treatment should remain individualized, while larger randomized trials using standardized patient-reported outcomes are needed.
Original Article
Gastroenterology
Gut microbiota and metabolomic alterations in newborns of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus
Wan-Hsin Su, Yi-Wei Wang, Chien-Chang Chen, Ming-Wei Lai, Hsun-Chin Chao, Ming-Chou Chiang, Ren-Huei Fu, Pai-Jui Yeh
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):26-35.   Published online October 22, 2025
Question: Does maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affect newborn gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles?
Finding: Neonates born to mothers with diet-controlled GDM exhibited reduced gut microbiota α-diversity, altered β-diversity, and metabolic shifts, including changes in fumarate and succinate levels, with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and adipocytokine signaling pathway activation.
Meaning: Maternal GDM affects early microbial colonization and metabolism in newborns and may have long-term health implications.
Cardiology
Unsustainable and overworked: unpacking the challenges faced by pediatric cardiologists and cardiac surgeons in Korea
Soo In Jeong, GI Beom Kim, Sung Hye Kim, Jae Yoon Na, Hong Ju Shin, Sin Weon Yun, Lucy Youngmin Eun, Sang Yun Lee, Chang-Ha Lee, Kwang Ho Choi, Seul Gi Cha, Mi Young Han
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(9):732-741.   Published online August 6, 2025
Question: What are the key challenges affecting pediatric cardiologists and cardiac surgeons in Korea?
Finding: Excessive workloads, low procedural volumes, and legal risks contribute to high burnout. Regional disparities limit skill maintenance and threaten workforce sustainability.
Meaning: Targeted policies ensuring fair workloads, legal protections, and regional support are essential to stabilizing the pediatric cardiac workforce and maintaining high-quality care.
Neurology
Establishing an induced pluripotent stem cell bank using urine cells from pediatric patients with neurogenetic diseases
Hien Bao Dieu Thai, WonWoo Jung, Sol Choi, Woo Joong Kim, JangSup Moon, ByungChan Lim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(8):569-577.   Published online April 1, 2025
Question: What can be used to create a reliable supply of somatic cells for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generation and standardize procedures for building an iPSC bank for researching pediatric neurogenetic disorders?
Findings: Noninvasively acquired urine cells are a desirable cell source for iPSC reprogramming.
Meaning: An iPSC bank can be created from diverse patient cell sources and offer a useful resource for translating research results into clinical therapy for pediatric neurogenetic disorders.
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Evaluation of total serum bilirubin thresholds for discontinuing phototherapy in jaundiced neonates: a randomized study
Ajay Kumar, Nidhi Jain
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):539-545.   Published online February 26, 2025
Question: What are the outcomes of jaundiced neonates when phototherapy is discontinued at 2 different total serum bilirubin (TSB) thresholds?
Findings: The study involved 80 neonates, comparing a recommended TSB threshold and a lower threshold for phototherapy discontinuation. Results showed a 14.3% reinstitution rate of treatment, with no adverse outcomes.
Meaning: Careful posttreatment monitoring is essential when discontinuing phototherapy, and future research should consider updated guidelines like those from the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Differential roles of interleukin-6 and adrenomedullin in early diagnosis and mortality predictions in late-onset neonatal sepsis
Emilly Henrique dos Santos, Gabriel Acca Barreira, Mariana Okay Saippa, Maria Carolina Pires Cruz, Karen Alessandra Rodrigues, Ronaldo Arkader, Thelma Suely Okay
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):463-471.   Published online December 23, 2024
Question: Can adrenomedullin (ADM) or interleukin-6 (IL-6) detect late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS) at admission (area under the curve [AUC]>0.90) as an early diagnostic marker?
Finding: Only IL-6 consistently distinguished survivors from nonsurvivors (AUC>0.90) on admission and antibiotic treatment days 3 and 7. C-reactive protein level identified infections from day 3 but failed to predict outcomes (AUC<0.70).
Meaning: IL-6 level can improve LOS diagnosis and prognosis.
Editorial
General Pediatrics
Global breastfeeding efforts: a long way to go
Hye-Jung Shin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(4):300-302.   Published online November 13, 2024
· Despite much effort, breastfeeding practices remain unsatisfactory worldwide.
· Effective breastfeeding-promoting interventions are needed that are appropriate for age, culture, and social environment.
· Interventions can promote breastfeeding, especially in younger populations such as adolescent mothers.
Review Article
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Recent advances in understanding pathophysiology of non-nutritional stunting in very preterm infants
Eduardo Cuestas, Alina Rizzotti
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(4):287-297.   Published online December 23, 2024
· Previous reviews of extrauterine growth restriction focused mainly on weight growth restriction caused by nutritional factors or pathological conditions.
· This review summarizes recent developments in the pathophysiology of nonnutritional length growth restriction in very preterm infants with focus on the impact of sustained neonatal inflammation on their short- and long-term outcomes.
· Further research is needed to investigate optimal strategies to improve length growth restriction in very preterm infants.
Perspective
Other
Telemedicine in pediatrics: things to consider
Sandhya J. Kadam, Archana Reddy Bongurala
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(4):326-328.   Published online February 3, 2025
This article highlights the benefits, challenges, and current significance of telemedicine. Future research is needed, primarily to address the challenges of optimizing the implementation of telehealth. To use telemedicine effectively and efficiently for the timely diagnosis and management of patients, an evaluation of current telemedicine practice is needed. Analysis of shortcomings and advantages can help enhance healthcare delivery to pediatric patients, making it more accessible for future use.
Review Article
Gastroenterology
Practical concepts and strategies for early diagnosis and management of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders in East-Asian children
Byung-Ho Choe
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(3):185-198.   Published online November 13, 2024
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) often coexist with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and other IgE or non-IgE mediated GI diseases. Diagnosing EGIDs requires a high index of suspicion and a comprehensive approach to differentiate them from conditions like inflammatory bowel disease. Tests such as fecal calprotectin and biopsies aid in severe cases. Maintaining a food diary helps identify triggers for long-term elimination. Awareness and education are key to effective management.
Value of transabdominal ultrasonography for diagnosing functional constipation in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Duc Long Tran, Phu Nguyen Trong Tran, Paweena Susantitaphong, Phichayut Phinyo, Palittiya Sintusek
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):127-135.   Published online November 13, 2024
Transabdominal ultrasonography is increasingly used as a novel modality for detecting pediatric functional constipation (FC). This systematic review and metaanalysis aimed to assess the diagnostic parameters of FC including rectal diameter (RD) and anterior rectal wall thickness. A systematic search was conducted of the Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and PubMed databases through September 29, 2023, to identify studies comparing RD...
Original Article
Critical Care Medicine
Effect of postoperative enteral protein supplementation on nitrogen balance in critically ill children
Irene Yuniar, Kadek Apik Lestari, Antonius Hocky Pudjiadi, Fatima Safira Alatas, Yoga Devaera
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(10):790-800.   Published online May 30, 2025
Question: Does high-protein enteral nutrition better increase the average nitrogen balance (NB) and decrease the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) level of critically ill postoperative children than standard-protein enteral nutrition?
Finding: The study demonstrated a significant increase in average NB but no significant decrease in I-FABP levels in the high- versus low-protein group.
Meaning: These findings suggest that high-protein enteral nutrition can improve NB in critically ill postoperative children, thereby supporting their recovery.
Infection
Carbapenem resistance in gram-negative pathogens in an Iranian hospital: high prevalence of OXA-type carbapenemase genes
Setareh Mamishi, Reihaneh Hosseinpour Sadeghi, Sadaf Sajedi Moghaddam, Babak Pourakbari, Shiva Poormohammadi, Maryam Sotoudeh Anvari, Shima Mahmoudi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):65-72.   Published online October 31, 2024
Question: What is the prevalence of carbapenem resistance in gram-negative bacteria and associated carbapenemase genes?
Findings: This study identified a notable prevalence of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative isolates, with Escherichia coli being the predominant contributor, follow ed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, while bla OXA48 was the most prevalent carbapenemase gene.
Meaning: These findings highlight the urgent need for proactive measures including the rapid detection of carbapenemase- producing isolates and effective infection control.
Genetics and Metabolism
Interleukin (IL)-1B and IL-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms in children with primary immune thrombocytopenia
Seham Mohamed Ragab, Wafaa Moustafa Abo ElFotoh, Mahmoud Ahmed El-Hawy, Eman Abdelfatah Badr, Saara Khairat Ali Mostafa, Mai El-Sayad Abd El-Hamid
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(9):465-473.   Published online July 24, 2024
· Polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)-1B and IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) antagonists may significantly affect the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
· IL-1B and IL-1R antagonist gene polymorphisms are correlated with severity and susceptibility to primary ITP in children.
Editorial
Genetics and Metabolism
Advancing orphan drug development for rare diseases
Jung Min Ko
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(7):356-357.   Published online November 17, 2023
· Rare diseases present unique challenges and unmet needs for which the development of orphan drugs tailored to them offers hope.
· Despite the hurdles posed by limited patient populations, orphan drug designations from regulatory agencies provide incentives, such as extended market exclusivity and tax credits, that ignite transformative advances.
· Scientific progress in genomics, personalized medicine, and analytics empowers precise interventions by decoding genetic anomalies and encouraging effective treatments.
Review Article
Nutrition
Macronutrients modified dietary intervention in the management of overweight/obese children and adolescents: a systematic review
Jihyun Park, Oh Yoen Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(4):191-200.   Published online July 11, 2023
· Dietary macronutrient modifications affect the body composition of and metabolic markers in children and adolescents.
· Hypocaloric diets, regardless of macronutrient composition, are reportedly effective for weight loss in obese children.
· Future interventional studies with meta-analyses that include Korean children and adolescents are needed to provide basic information applicable to this population.
Original Article
Neurology
Changes in frequency of benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis and their viral causes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a single-center study
Hyejin Na, Sanghoon Lee, Seo Hee Kim, Young Ok Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(4):213-220.   Published online March 19, 2024
Question: Did coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affect the frequency, seasonal variation, or virus type of benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG)?
Findings: We compared 41 cases of CwG before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. After March 2020, frequency did not change significantly (18 patients vs. 23 patients), seasonal variation was lost, and number of cases of enteric adenovirus-associated CwG increased (1 cases vs. 7 cases).
Meaning: The COVID-19 pandemic affected CwG.
Review Article
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Strategies to support language development in neonatal intensive care unit: a narrative review
Ju Sun Heo, Ee-Kyung Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(12):651-663.   Published online November 6, 2024
· Preterm infants often experience speech and language development delays during early childhood, impacting children's ultimate outcomes.
· Promoting breastfeeding, increasing parent-infant interactions in a single-family room, promoting a nurturing language environment by parental book reading and language interventions, and parent-integrated interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit could potentially enhance children's language development.
· Integrating these strategies through family-centered care is essential.
Original Article
Pulmonology
Efficacies of different treatment strategies for infants hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis
Hyeri Jeong, Dawon Park, Eun Kyo Ha, Ju Hee Kim, Jeewon Shin, Hey-Sung Baek, Hyunsoo Hwang, Youn Ho Shin, Hye Mi Jee, Man Yong Han
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(11):608-618.   Published online October 28, 2024
· This study analyzed 45 randomized controlled trials (5,061 participants, 13 interventions) of the comparative efficacies of treatments for acute bronchiolitis in infants.
· Inhalation therapy with epinephrine and hypertonic saline significantly reduced the length of hospital stay compared with normal saline.
· Hypertonic saline had the greatest ability to improve the clinical severity score of bronchiolitis in infants younger than 2 years of age.
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Protective effect of recombinant interleukin-10 on newborn rat lungs exposed to short-term sublethal hyperoxia
Hyeon-Soo Lee, Young-Joon Ryu, Min-Jae Lee
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(10):540-549.   Published online September 27, 2024
Lung injury is generated from the early stage of hyperoxia through the biologic effects of cell death and inflammatory response, which eventually leads to evolution of bronchopul-monary dysplasia. Therefore, a protective measure against hyperoxia-induced lung injury is needed. The present study observed that anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 had protective effects on newborn rat lungs from injury induced at the early stage of hyperoxia, by preventing cell death and down-regulating inflammatory response.
Review Article
Endocrinology
Two- versus one-bag fluid delivery in pediatric and adolescent diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Maya L. Nasser, Joseph Nasr, Reem B. Zalloum, Nathanael Q.E. Yap, Natalie E. Bourdakos, Shahid Miangul, Tara A. Betts, Hayato Nakanishi, Christian A. Than, Serge Jabbour
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(10):486-497.   Published online June 27, 2024
· The safety and efficacy of the two-bag versus one-bag system for treating patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) < 21 years remains unestablished.
· Our meta-analysis demonstrated similar safety outcomes but sooner DKA resolution and shorter mean response time for intravenous fluid changes for the two-bag system.
· This preliminary evidence suggests that the two-bag system has some advantages in efficacy, but further studies are needed to evaluate their extent.
Linking pediatric obesity to youth-onset type 2 diabetes: integrated longitudinal and cross-sectional evidence from population-based studies worldwide
Ashraf T. Soliman, Fawzia Alyafei, Nada Alaaraj, Noor Hamed, Shayma Mohamed, Ahmed Elawwa
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(8):622-635.   Published online July 20, 2026
Pediatric obesity and youth-onset type 2 diabetes have increased simultaneously across 6 continents over the last 25 years. Approximately 75% of affected youths are obese at diagnosis, beta-cell declines occur rapidly, and microvascular complications occur early. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and bariatric surgery achieve meaningful weight loss and glycemic improvement; however, the primary prevention of childhood obesity remains the most powerful strategy for arresting this epidemic.
Original Article
Nephrology (Genitourinary)
Serum metabolomic profile in children with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
Nisha Chaudhary, Praveen Singh, Abhijeet Saha, Shantanu Sengupta
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(7):545-554.   Published online April 15, 2026
Question: Can the potential metabolites/pathways involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) be identified using metabolomics?
Finding: We identified 18 novel metabolites involved in the pathogenesis of SA-AKI as well as 31 metabolites that were altered in severe AKI. Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and phospholipid pathways were altered in SA-AKI.
Meaning: Once validated, these markers may be used to diagnose SA-AKI at an early stage before sufficient kidney injury occurs.
Pulmonology
Telomere biology disorders associated with childhood interstitial lung disease
Maria Greiner-Mai, Christina Katharina Rapp, Katrin Knoflach, Daniel Gräfe, Franz Wolfgang Hirsch, Julia Ley-Zaporozhan, Simone Reu-Hofer, Julia Hentschel, Stefan Zielen, Monika Helena Tedy, Heymut Omran, Ernst Rietschel, Tuğba Sismanlar Eyuboglu, Ayse Tana-Aslan, Nagehan Emiralioglu, Nicola Ullmann, Samuele Naviglio, Massimo Maschio, Fabian Beier, Tuğba Ramaslı Gürsoy, Matthias Griese, Freerk Prenzel
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(7):593-603.   Published online June 18, 2026
Question: What are the pulmonary manifestations and clinical characteristics of telomere biology disorders in children with interstitial lung disease?
Finding: Telomere biology disorders are an important but often underrecognized cause of childhood interstitial lung disease and are associated with variable pulmonary, radiologic, and histopathologic findings, frequent multisystem involvement, and often severe disease progression.
Meaning: Early genetic testing and multidisciplinary evaluation are essential for timely diagnosis, optimized management, and improved outcomes in affected children.
High-Risk CCL14 lineage drives severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children: a study in central China
Chunbo Hao, Zijie Li, Yanjuan Yu, Song Wang, Genhao Wang, Gaijing Jia, Tiantian Sun, Shouhang Chen, Yang Wu, Yu Tang, Fang Wang, Guangcai Duan, Yuefei Jin
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(6):497-507.   Published online April 10, 2026
Question: Are the predominant circulating strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae associated with disease severity and clinical indicators?
Finding: The common cluster label 14 (CCL14) lineage was a high-risk clone circulating in central China that demonstrated a strong association between severe pediatric pneumonia and a distinct hyperinflammatory profile.
Meaning: Targeted molecular surveillance of the CCL14 lineage may facilitate early risk stratification and guide clinical management to reduce the burden of severe disease.
Neurology
Long-term outcome in children with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome: a multicenter retrospective study in Korea
Sun Ah Choi, Minhye Kim, Hye Jin Kim, Woo Joong Kim, Byung Chan Lim, Ji Yeon Han, Hunmin Kim, Min-Jee Kim, Mi-Sun Yum, Jiwon Lee, Jeehun Lee, Hyewon Woo, Jon Soo Kim
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(5):386-393.   Published online February 19, 2026
Question: How have epilepsy and cognitive outcomes of children with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) evolved over the past 20 years?
Finding: Approximately 78% of children developed chronic epilepsy, and one-third progressed to drug-resistant epilepsy, while 90% of them exhibited intellectual disabilities.
Meaning: Given the poor outcomes associated with IESS, consensus guidelines tailored to Korean clinical practice are required to ensure timely treatment and improve outcomes.
Review Article
Gastroenterology
Sarcopenia in pediatric gastroenterology and hepatology: an updated review
Toshifumi Yodoshi
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(5):366-383.   Published online April 27, 2026
Pediatric sarcopenia is common in chronic gastrointestinal and liver diseases, often hidden by normal body mass index or obesity, and predicts worse outcomes. Because growth and puberty alter body composition, assessment should use age- and sex-specific measures of muscle mass and, when feasible, function. Early multidisciplinary intervention—protein-adequate nutrition, resistance-based activity, and disease control—may improve prognosis.
Original Article
Neonatology (Perinatology)
Prolonged cerebral oxygenation surveillance with algorithm-based management: a neurocritical care bundle for extremely preterm infants
Kai-Hsiang Hsu, Wei-Hung Wu, Shu-Yu Lin, Chih-Chen Chang, Mei-Yin Lai, I-Hsyuan Wu, Shih-Ming Chu, Ming-Chou Chiang, Reyin Lien
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(4):304-312.   Published online December 22, 2025
Question: Is prolonged monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rcSO2) and hemodynamic parameters a feasible approach? Can these measures predict the neurological outcomes in extremely preterm infants?
Finding: We used a neurocritical care bundle from birth to discharge or term-equivalent age. Infants with poor outcomes had significantly lower rcSO2 values.
Meaning: Understanding rcSO2 and hemodynamic parameters may help manage cerebral hypoxia and reduce neurological complications in extremely preterm infants.
Review Article
Immunology
Multiomics approaches in Kawasaki disease: insights into pathogenesis and emerging directions for diagnosis and treatment
Jong Gyun Ahn, Insoo Kang
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(3):197-210.   Published online February 25, 2026
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile vasculitis and the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children. Despite decades of research, the etiology remains unknown and key mechanisms linking systemic inflammation to coronary artery lesions are incompletely defined. High-throughput technologies—including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, and immunomics—have enabled systems-level profiling of KD and highlighted reproducible inflammatory and vascular pathways....
TOPICS

Browse all articles >

ARTICLE CATEGORY

Browse all articles >

BROWSE ARTICLES
FOR CONTRIBUTORS
ABOUT
Editorial Office
Korean Pediatric Society
#1606 Seocho World Officetel, 19 Seoun-ro, Seocho-ku, Seoul 06732, Korea
Tel: +82-2-3473-7306    Fax: +82-2-3473-7307    E-mail: office@e-cep.org                

Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics is an open access journal. All articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

Copyright © 2026 by Korean Pediatric Society.      Developed in M2PI