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"Most viewed" Articles are from the articles published in 2024 during the last six month.
- Review Article
- General Pediatrics
- Metabolic complications of obesity in children and adolescents
(9,745 times)
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Hyunjin Park, Jung Eun Choi, Seunghee Jun, Hyelim Lee, Hae Soon Kim, Hye Ah Lee, Hyesook Park
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(7):347-355. Published online November 16, 2023
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· Pediatric obesity increases the risk of metabolic complications (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) and long-term cardiovascular diseases.
· A new obesity definition and various indicators (continuous metabolic syndrome score, pediatric simple metabolic syndrome score, fatty liver index) have been proposed to evaluate children’s susceptibility to metabolic disorders.
· Laboratory and body composition tests in pediatric screenings can identify groups at high risk of metabolic complications of obesity. |
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- Review Article
- Nephrology (Genitourinary)
- X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets: from diagnosis to management
(9,633 times)
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Eujin Park, Hee Gyung Kang
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(1):17-25. Published online June 14, 2023
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· X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), the most common cause of hypophosphatemic rickets, affects 1/20,000 people.
· XLH is caused by a loss-of-function mutation of the PHEX gene.
· Its main pathogenesis is elevated fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) level.
· Burosumab, an FGF23 inhibitor, was developed in the early 2000s.
· Burosumab was approved in Korea in 2020 for XLH patients aged 1+ years with radiographic evidence of bone disease. |
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- General Pediatrics
- Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in Malaysia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
(9,519 times)
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Ker Yang Chua, Ker Yung Chua, Karuthan Chinna, Chooi Ling Lim, Maheeka Seneviwickrama
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):115-126. Published online November 13, 2024
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The incidence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide. National surveys in Malaysia have shown similar trends. This review aimed to increase our understanding of the prevalence and associated factors of childhood overweight, obesity, and excess weight in Malaysia. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted of studies reporting the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Malaysian children aged <18 years.... |
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- Developmental and Behavioral Medicine
- Screen time among preschoolers: exploring individual, familial, and environmental factors
(9,447 times)
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Sangha Lee, Donghee Kim, Yunmi Shin
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(12):641-650. Published online September 12, 2024
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This systematic review examined the correlation between screen time and various factors in preschoolers. Findings suggest that media parenting, including setting appropriate media limits, is crucial in protecting against excessive screen exposure. However, limited research has been done on the impact of family and personal factors, particularly with the increasing use of portable devices among young children. |
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- Gastroenterology
- Ingestion of foreign bodies and caustic substances in children: a narrative review on clinical evaluation and management update
(9,418 times)
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Maria Rogalidou
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):11-21. Published online December 10, 2025
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Foreign body and caustic substance ingestion in children aged 1–5 years can feature to severe and, sometimes life-threatening complications. High-risk items include batteries, magnets, and corrosive chemicals. Severity depends on object type, location, and ingestion timing. Prompt diagnosis and early endoscopic intervention are crucial. Individualized management, high clinical suspicion, and parental education are essential to improving outcomes and preventing immediate and long-term complications affecting a child’s quality of life. |
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- Other
- Artificial intelligence in pediatric healthcare: current applications, potential, and implementation considerations
(9,362 times)
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Taejin Park, In-Hee Lee, Seung Wook Lee, Sek Won Kong
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(9):641-651. Published online June 25, 2025
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Artificial intelligence (AI) offers potential benefits in pediatric care, but its real-world adoption requires clinician literacy, ethical and legal safeguards, and cautious implementation. Large language models are emerging across healthcare, but their use in pediatric clinical practice remains premature. Thus, the cautious and accountable implementation of AI is crucial to preventing unintended harm and realizing its potential. |
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- Original Article
- General Pediatrics
- Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BLa80 for preventing allergic, respiratory, and gastrointestinal diseases in young children in China: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
(9,128 times)
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Ke Chen, Xi Zhang, Kaihong Zeng, Jiayi Zhong, Shanshan Jin, Yang Nie, Ping Yang, Nianyang He, Haixia Chen, Yanmei Cao, Yunrong Fu, Ziji Fang, Wei Jiang, Changqi Lium
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(2):150-162. Published online October 30, 2025
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Question: Can probiotic BLa80 bring long-term benefits to the health of young children?
Finding: This trial demonstrated that the daily administration of s BLa80 at 5×109 colony-forming units for 3 months in children can reduce the risk of eczema, upper respiratory tract infections, and acute tracheitis/bronchitis as well as beneficially improve the gut microbiome without any adverse effect.
Meaning: Bla80 can bring definite health benefits to young children. |
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- Hematology
- Treatment and clinical outcomes of pediatric autoimmune hemolytic anemia: real-world single-center data from Korea
(9,127 times)
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Young Dai Kwon, Eun Sun Jung, Yeon Jung Lim
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):522-529. Published online April 16, 2025
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Question: Can pediatric autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) be effectively managed using first-line steroids?
Finding: In this single-center study, pediatric patients with AIHA achieved normal hemoglobin levels within 16.5 days (range, 9.0–22.0 days) of first-line steroid treatment and maintained effective responses for 2 months.
Meaning: These outcomes highlight the efficacy of steroid treatment in pediatric versus adult AIHA and underscore the need for multicenter trials to establish standardized treatment guidelines. |
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- Review Article
- Pulmonology
- Evidence-based management guidelines for noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children and adolescents
(9,110 times)
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Eun Lee, Kyunghoon Kim, You Hoon Jeon, In Suk Sol, Jong Deok Kim, Taek Ki Min, Yoon Ha Hwang, Hyun-Ju Cho, Dong In Suh, Hwan Soo Kim, Yoon Hee Kim, Sung-Il Woo, Yong Ju Lee, Sungsu Jung, Hyeon-Jong Yang, Gwang Cheon Jang
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(9):418-426. Published online January 23, 2024
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· We suggest offering long-term macrolides to children with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis with frequent exacerbations (conditional recommendation, moderate quality of evidence).
· We do not recommend the routine use of mucolytic agents, inhaled corticosteroids, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to prevent exacerbation of bronchiectasis in children (inconclusive, very low quality of evidence).
· We recommend the use of nebulized hypertonic saline to prevent exacerbations and improve the lung function of children with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (weak recommendation, moderate quality of evidence). |
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- Critical Care Medicine
- Recent updates on systemic treatment of atopic dermatitis
(9,090 times)
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Jiyoung Ahn
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(11):580-588. Published online November 1, 2024
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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex disease with multifactorial pathogenesis and variable clinical presentation. Up to one-fifth of patients with AD develop moderate to severe disease that is often refractory to classical therapies and can compromise quality of life. This review summarizes recent clinical evidence on biological agents and small-molecule immunotherapies for the treatment of AD. |
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- Neurology
- Sacral dimple: clinical perspectives of lesions hidden beneath the skin
(9,036 times)
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Jin Eun, Kwan Sung Lee, Seung Ho Yang
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(2):103-113. Published online November 26, 2025
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· Most sacral dimples are benign, but atypical features may indicate occult spinal dysraphism.
· Simple dimples meeting strict criteria require no imaging, whereas atypical dimples require targeted ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging.
· The early diagnosis and surgical management of highrisk cases prevents irreversible neurological, orthopedic, and urological deficits. |
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- Cardiology
- Heart failure in children and adolescents: an update on diagnostic approaches and management
(8,916 times)
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Amit Agrawal, Dalwinder Janjua, Abdulrahman Ahmed Alsayed Ali Zeyada, Ahmed Taher Elsheikh
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(4):178-190. Published online June 19, 2023
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· Pediatric heart failure (PHF) is a clinical syndrome featuring various symptoms (shortness of breath, ankle swelling, fatigue) and signs (pulmonary crackles, peripheral edema).
· Congenital heart diseases are the most common underlying etiology of PHF, whereas myocarditis and primary cardio-myopathies are common in children without structural ab-normalities.
· PHF pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial and varies by etiology and age.
· PHF management includes decongestive therapy, treatment of underlying causes, preventing progression, and managing pulmonary or systemic obstructions.
· Drugs should be chosen based on pharmacodynamics, clinical manifestations, hemodynamic state, and renal function. |
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- Genetics and Metabolism
- Development of orphan drugs for rare diseases
(8,158 times)
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Han-Wook Yoo
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(7):315-327. Published online June 28, 2023
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· Orphan disease is a rare disease, primarily affecting newborn and children. Vast majority of orphan diseases has genetic background.
· Orphan disease is individually rare. But as a whole, it is not rare, becoming a great socioeconomic burden.
· The diagnosis of rare genetic disease has been problematic, but recent progress of genome analysis technologies makes it faster and more precise.
· There are many unmet needs as to the curative treatment. However, the number of treatable rare diseases is growingly increasing owing to the development of biotechnology.
· Most orphan drugs are extremely expensive because of numer ous hurdles during the process of drug development as well as small number of patients. |
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- Hematology
- Promising role of voxelotor in managing sickle cell disease in children: a narrative review
(8,098 times)
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Amit Agrawal, Gaurav Jadon, Japna Singh, Dalwinder Janjua
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):106-114. Published online November 13, 2024
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Voxelotor has promising ability to increase hemoglobin levels and reduce hemolysis markers in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Several preclinical and phase II/III trials have demonstrated its efficacy, dose-dependent responses, and tolerability in children. Ongoing trials are assessing its safety and effectiveness in various populations, including children younger than 12 years. These findings suggest its potential as a disease-modifying drug, warranting further exploration of its role in SCD management. |
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- Original Article
- Pulmonology
- Effect of vitamin C supplement in treatment of childhood pneumonia requiring hospitalization: a randomized controlled trial
(7,960 times)
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Chutima Phuaksaman, Katechan Jampachaisri, Klaita Srisingh
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(9):690-699. Published online April 1, 2025
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This study assessed the effects of vitamin C on children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Vitamin C supplementation improved clinical symptoms within 48–72 hours compared to placebo but did not reduce the length of hospital stay (LOS). These findings suggest that vitamin C is beneficial for managing CAP severity, but does not affect LOS. |
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- Review Article
- Cardiology
- Lifelong impact of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood
(7,732 times)
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Junhyun Kwon, Eunji Kim
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(4):278-286. Published online November 28, 2024
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· Childhood blood pressure (BP) is significantly associated with adult hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
· Despite ongoing debate regarding the need for regular BP screening and early pharmacotherapy in children, the benefits of optimizing BP throughout childhood are clear.
· Childhood presents a critical window for normalizing BP through lifestyle modifications such as reducing sodium intake and increasing physical activity to promote lifelong cardiovascular health and prevent longterm complications. |
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- Endocrinology
- A review of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in endocrine-related disorders
(7,658 times)
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Nur Faten Hafizah Rosli, Noor Shafina Mohd Nor, Rose Adzrianee Adnan, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):30-52. Published online November 6, 2024
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· The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high among children and adolescents and mainly attributed to changes in environmental factors.
· Vitamin D hormone-like properties are associated with many endocrine-related disorders.
· The effect of vitamin D is modulated by the vitamin D receptor, polymorphisms of which are reportedly associated with an increased risk of disease development in children and adolescents. |
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- Editorial
- Nutrition
- Zinc as a treatment modality for acute infectious diarrhea in children
(7,472 times)
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Ji Sook Park
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(3):223-224. Published online October 31, 2024
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· Prevention and management of dehydration is the major goal of treatment in acute infectious diarrhea in children.
· Zinc could be effective as an adjuvant therapy in reducing the duration of acute infectious diarrhea in malnourished children. |
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- Review Article
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Influence of infant microbiome on health and development
(7,409 times)
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Noelle Younge
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(5):224-231. Published online August 21, 2023
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· The infant gut microbiome is highly dynamic and individualized.
· Microbes are vertically transmitted from mother to infant during delivery and throughout infancy.
· Delivery mode, gestational age, diet, and antibiotic use influence infant microbiome composition and function.
· In animal studies, the microbiome played critical roles in the structural and functional development of the infant gastrointestinal and immune systems.
· Microbiome-targeted therapies have great potential to reduce infant morbidity and mortality. |
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- Original Article
- Allergy
- Regional differences in diagnosis and management of cow's milk allergy
(7,276 times)
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Fabian Hendricx, Emma Robert, Jaime A. Ramirez-Mayans, Karen Rubi Ignorosa Arellano, Erick M. Toro Monjaraz, Yvan Vandenplas
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(11):601-607. Published online October 28, 2024
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· Although there is broad consensus on many aspects regarding the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of cow's milk allergy, the impact of geographical, cultural, and socioeconomic factors remains unestablished.
· Availability and cost of formula for the management of cow's milk allergy have a major impact on the therapeutic choice.
· Region-specific guidelines for the treatment of cow's milk allergy are required. |
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- Review Article
- Allergy
- Skin and oral intervention for food allergy prevention based on dual allergen exposure hypothesis
(7,200 times)
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Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada, Yukihiro Ohya
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(10):477-485. Published online June 14, 2023
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To prevent food allergy in infants, based on the dual allergen exposure hypothesis, we recommend a personalized approach consisting of both skin intervention (eczema treatment to achieve early remission and well-controlled skin without eczema to prevent percutaneous immunoglobulin E sensitization) and oral intervention (early allergenic food introduction). |
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- Perspective
- General Pediatrics
- Parenting principles to combat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and form resilient young minds
(7,084 times)
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Jandy Le, Sandhya J. Kadam
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(10):838-841. Published online September 22, 2025
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The prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and other related behavioral problems is increasing among children, likely due to less interaction with their parents and the real world and more time spent on screens, on social media, and in the virtual world. This article highlights several simple, basic parenting principles to facilitate the growth of healthy, resilient minds and combat the symptoms of opposition, hyperactivity, and distractibility. |
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- Original Article
- Critical Care Medicine
- Effect of postoperative enteral protein supplementation on nitrogen balance in critically ill children
(6,974 times)
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Irene Yuniar, Kadek Apik Lestari, Antonius Hocky Pudjiadi, Fatima Safira Alatas, Yoga Devaera
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(10):790-800. Published online May 30, 2025
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Question: Does high-protein enteral nutrition better increase the average nitrogen balance (NB) and decrease the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) level of critically ill postoperative children than standard-protein enteral nutrition?
Finding: The study demonstrated a significant increase in average NB but no significant decrease in I-FABP levels in the high- versus low-protein group.
Meaning: These findings suggest that high-protein enteral nutrition can improve NB in critically ill postoperative children, thereby supporting their recovery. |
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- Review Article
- Endocrinology
- Hidden link between endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pediatric obesity
(6,924 times)
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Min Won Shin, Shin-Hye Kim
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(3):199-222. Published online November 28, 2024
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Studies indicate potential connections between exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and childhood obesity. Variations in the impact of EDCs in epidemiological studies may result from differences in exposure concentrations and timing, measurement methods, and interactive effects of multiple EDCs. Longitudinal studies on exposure to multiple EDCs are crucial to elucidating their contribution to pediatric obesity and minimize the adverse health consequences of EDC exposure. |
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- Clinical Note
- General Pediatrics
- Aplasia cutis congenita with unique vascular malformation and cranial hypoplasia: a case in a preterm infant
(6,904 times)
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Yasufumi Sakata, Natsumi Fujii, Sadahiro Nomura, Yoshihiro Azuma, Hiroki Hamano, Hidenobu Kaneyasu, Seigo Okada, Kazumasa Takahashi, Shunji Hasegawa
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):472-474. Published online March 11, 2025
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- Original Article
- General Pediatrics
- Comparative analysis of goal attainment for helmet therapy versus conservative management for positional plagiocephaly in infants
(6,891 times)
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Bjoern Vogt, Ariane Deutschle, Georg Gosheger, Adrien Frommer, Andrea Laufer, Henning Tretow, Robert Roedl, Gregor Toporowski
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):892-900. Published online October 2, 2025
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Question: Is helmet therapy more effective than conservative management in treating positional plagiocephaly?
Finding: Both approaches reduced cranial asymmetry with comparable correction speed. Helmet therapy showed a trend toward greater severity reduction.
Meaning: Early treatment initiation was the strongest predictor of improvement. Helmet therapy may offer additional benefit in more severe cases. |
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- Infection
- Clinical characteristics and associated factors of pediatric acute necrotizing encephalopathy: a retrospective study
(6,863 times)
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Huiling Zhang, Yilong Wang, Qianyun Ding, Xuekun Li, Sheng Ye
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):153-162. Published online November 11, 2024
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· The mortality rate of acute necrotizing encephalopathy was high.
· Laboratory tests revealed that the fatal group had higher creatinine, lactate, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, creatine kinase, and D-dimer than survivors.
· The fatal group displayed lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores and arterial pH. |
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- Review Article
- Allergy
- Moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in children: focus on systemic Th2 cytokine receptor antagonists and Janus kinase inhibitors
(6,831 times)
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Jeong Hee Kim, Mona Salem Samra
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):64-79. Published online June 14, 2023
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· Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by a strong T helper (Th)2 response, although the extents of Th22, Th17/ interleukin (IL)-23, and Th1 responses vary among disease subtypes.
· Children with moderate to severe AD may require early systemic therapy to reduce the systemic inflammation caused by increased Th2 cytokine levels.
· Dupilumab, which blocks IL-4/IL-13 receptor, has equivalent efficacy for extrinsic and intrinsic AD and a favorable safety profile in infants and children aged 6 months and older. |
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- Gastroenterology
- Value of transabdominal ultrasonography for diagnosing functional constipation in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
(6,723 times)
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Duc Long Tran, Phu Nguyen Trong Tran, Paweena Susantitaphong, Phichayut Phinyo, Palittiya Sintusek
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(2):127-135. Published online November 13, 2024
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Transabdominal ultrasonography is increasingly used as a novel modality for detecting pediatric functional constipation (FC). This systematic review and metaanalysis aimed to assess the diagnostic parameters of FC including rectal diameter (RD) and anterior rectal wall thickness. A systematic search was conducted of the Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and PubMed databases through September 29, 2023, to identify studies comparing RD... |
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