Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Original Article

Nutrition

Energy drink consumption among Korean adolescents: prevalence and associated factors

Jee-Seon Shim, Jeong Mi Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(10):531-539. Published online September 24, 2024

Question: How prevalent is energy drink consumption among Korean adolescents and what are the associated factors?
Findings: The prevalence of energy drink consumption among Korean adolescents increased from 3.2% in 2014 to 12.2% in 2019. Energy drink consumption varies according to sociode-mographic and individual factors.
Meaning: Policies and educational strategies are needed to reduce energy drink consumption in adolescents.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00171

General Pediatrics

Effect of online infant care training and postpartum counseling based on Meleis' transition theory on mothers' readiness for care and breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial

Fatma Şule Bilgiç, Gülçin Bozkurt

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(10):521-530. Published online September 27, 2024

Question: Do interventions based on Meleis' transition theory affect mothers' readiness for baby care and breastfeeding?
Findings: We found a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in mothers' readiness for newborn care and breastfeeding (P<0.001).
Meaning: This intervention increased breastfeeding rates while ensuring that mothers were ready to care for their babies and prepared for the role of motherhood.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00423

Genetics and Metabolism

Interleukin (IL)-1B and IL-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms in children with primary immune thrombocytopenia

Seham Mohamed Ragab, Wafaa Moustafa Abo ElFotoh, Mahmoud Ahmed El-Hawy, Eman Abdelfatah Badr, Saara Khairat Ali Mostafa, Mai El-Sayad Abd El-Hamid

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(9):465-473. Published online July 24, 2024

· Polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)-1B and IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) antagonists may significantly affect the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
· IL-1B and IL-1R antagonist gene polymorphisms are correlated with severity and susceptibility to primary ITP in children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00577

Developmental and Behavioral Medicine

Neonatal risk factors associated with autism spectrum disorders: an umbrella review

Amir Mohammad Salehi, Erfan Ayubi, Salman Khazaei, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Saeid Bashirian, Zohreh Salimi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(9):459-464. Published online July 19, 2024

Question: What are the neonatal risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
Findings: Significant effect sizes were observed for congenital heart disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.35), macrosomia (OR, 1.11), low birth weight (OR, 1.63), very low birth weight (OR, 2.25), small for gestational age (OR, 1.17), jaundice (OR, 1.74), male sex (OR, 1.47), and Apgar score (OR, 1.40).
Meaning: These factors were identified as risk factors for ASD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00136

Infection

Construction and validation of predictive models for intravenous immunoglobulin–resistant Kawasaki disease using an interpretable machine learning approach

Linfan Deng, Jian Zhao, Ting Wang, Bin Liu, Jun Jiang, Peng Jia, Dong Liu, Gang Li

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(8):405-414. Published online July 23, 2024

Web of Science 1

Question: Is there a reliable model to predict intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)-resistant Kawasaki disease (KD)?
Finding: We constructed 5 machine learning models to predict IVIG-resistant KD. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model was superior to logistic, support vector machine, light gradient boosting machine and multiple layers perception models. The SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) value interpreted the contribution of each feature in XGBoost model.
Meaning: XGBoost model showed the excellent performance to predict IVIG-resistant KD with explainable and visualizable machine learning algorithm.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2024.00549

Nutrition

Parental support and exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months in West Java, Indonesia: a mixed-methods approach

Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika, Fadila Wirawan, Wawan Gunawan, Primasti Nuryandari Putri, Nurul Husna Mohd Shukri

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(7):358-367. Published online June 21, 2024

Question: Does paternal support affect exclusive breastfeeding failure?
Finding: Exclusive breastfeeding failure by 3 months was affected by paternal support.
Meaning: Fathers should be included in breastfeeding education and antenatal care.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01375

Developmental and Behavioral Medicine

Effectiveness of online responsive teaching in young children with developmental disabilities: a pilot study

Jung Sook Yeom, Jeongmee Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(6):303-311. Published online May 21, 2024

Crossref 1

Question: Does online responsive teaching (RT) impact children's and parents’ emotions and behaviors, and do parents find it satisfactory?
Finding: Online RT significantly improved children's pivotal and problem behaviors, decreased parenting stress, and enhanced parental interactive styles with high satisfaction.
Meaning: This pilot study's findings suggest that online RT can enhance child outcomes, offering accessible interventions amid challenges such as limited access and pandemics.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01662

Endocrinology

Kisspeptin and DLK1 levels for monitoring treatment of girls with central precocious puberty

Witchuwan Onsoi, Nattakarn Numsriskulrat, Suphab Aroonparkmongkol, Vichit Supornsilchai, Khomsak Srilanchakon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(6):296-302. Published online May 21, 2024

Web of Science 4 Crossref 4

Questions: Can the serum levels of kisspeptin and DLK1 be potential biomarkers for monitoring the treatments for central precocious puberty (CPP)?
Findings: There were no significant differences in the baseline serum kisspeptin and DLK1 levels in CPP girls compared to girls with premature thelarche (PT). After 6 months of GnRH analogue treatment in CPP girls, median serum kisspeptin levels decreased, while median serum DLK1 levels increased compared to baseline.
Meanings: Serum levels of kisspeptin and DLK1 may serve as novel biomarkers for monitoring the efficacy of treatments for CPP.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01361

Pulmonology

Oligohydramnios affects pulmonary functional/structural abnormalities in school-aged children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Jeong Eun Shin, Soon Min Lee, Mi-Jung Lee, Jungho Han, Joohee Lim, Haerin Jang, Ho Seon Eun, Min Soo Park, Soo Yeon Kim, Myung Hyun Sohn, Ji Ye Jung, Kyung Won Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(5):257-266. Published online April 16, 2024

Web of Science 3 Crossref 4

Question: Is bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) associated with functional/structural abnormalities later in life?
Finding: School-aged children with severe BPD had abnormalities on pulmonary function tests and lung computed tomography despite no subjective respiratory symptoms; however, only prenatal oligohydramnios and prolonged ventilator use were associated with abnormal lung function.
Meaning: Long-term monitoring of preterm infants’ lung health is essential, especially for those with prenatal oligohydramnios or prolonged ventilator use.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01053

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Effect of vitamin E supplementation on bilirubin levels in infants with hyperbilirubinemia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial

Mojtaba Cheraghi, Maziar Nikouei, Majid Mansouri, Siros Hemmatpour, Yousef Moradi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(5):249-256. Published online March 26, 2024

Question: Is vitamin E a viable therapeutic option for managing neonatal hyperbilirubinemia?
Finding: This randomized clinical trial examined the effects of oral vitamin E supplementation on bilirubin reduction (primary outcome), phototherapy duration, and length of hospital stay (secondary outcome) in 138 infants.
Meaning: Infants administered vitamin E versus placebo demonstrated similar reductions in bilirubin levels and length of hospital stay.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01312

Neurology

Changes in frequency of benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis and their viral causes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a single-center study

Hyejin Na, Sanghoon Lee, Seo Hee Kim, Young Ok Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(4):213-220. Published online March 19, 2024

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Question: Did coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affect the frequency, seasonal variation, or virus type of benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG)?
Findings: We compared 41 cases of CwG before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. After March 2020, frequency did not change significantly (18 patients vs. 23 patients), seasonal variation was lost, and number of cases of enteric adenovirus-associated CwG increased (1 cases vs. 7 cases).
Meaning: The COVID-19 pandemic affected CwG.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01137

Nutrition

Effect of probiotics plus zinc supplementation on clinical outcomes of infants and children with acute infectious diarrhea: a randomized controlled trial

Deldar Morad Abdulah, Saad Jbraeil Sulaiman, Zaid Waad Ahmed

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(4):203-212. Published online February 19, 2024

Web of Science 3 Crossref 4

Question: Does zinc supplementation along with probiotics affect disease severity or clinical outcomes of children with acute diarrhea?
Findings: This study indicated that zinc supplementation and probiotics had no effect on clinical improvement or disease severity among pediatric patients with acute diarrhea.
Meaning: Children who received probiotics plus zinc recovered faster than those who received probiotics only.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01340

Cardiology

Effect of face mask on pulmonary artery pressure during echocardiography in children and adolescents

Alireza Ahmadi, Mohammad Reza Sabri, Zohreh Sadat Navabi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(3):161-167. Published online January 23, 2024

Question: Can face masks alter pulmonary pressure in children and adolescents with and without congenital heart disease?
Findings: Mask removal during echocardiography (ECHO) reduced pulmonary pressure.
Meaning: These findings suggest that face masks should be removed during ECHO in children and adolescents.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01172

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Oral administration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuates intestinal injury in necrotizing enterocolitis

Yeong Seok Lee, Yong Hoon Jun, Juyoung Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(3):152-160. Published online February 19, 2024

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: What is the optimal dose of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) for treating necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and is orally administered BM-MSC effective?
Findings: High (1×10⁶ cells) or multiple BM-MSC doses showed similar effects as low (1×10⁵ cells) doses of intraperitoneally administered BM-MSCs. Furthermore, orally administered BM-MSCs were as effective as intraperitoneally administered BM-MSCs.
Meaning: Orally administered low-dose BM-MSCs are a potential treatment for NEC.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01151

Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among parents of neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Asha P. Shetty, Kurvatteppa Halemani, Alwin Issac, Latha Thimmappa, Sanjay Dhiraaj, Radha K, Prabhaker Mishra, Vijai Datta Upadhyaya

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):104-115. Published online November 14, 2023

Web of Science 7 Crossref 16

Question: What emotions do parents experience when their newborns are admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)?
Finding: Mothers experienced more anxiety (51%), depression (31%), and stress (41%) symptoms than fathers (26%, 12%, and 22%, respectively).
Meaning: Parents often experience anxiety, stress, and depression following NICU admission. Healthcare workers are responsible for providing regular parental counseling.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00486

Other

Virtual, augmented, and mixed reality: potential clinical and training applications in pediatrics

Suyoung Yoo, Meong Hi Son

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):92-103. Published online May 24, 2023

Web of Science 1 Crossref 2

· Review of articles that investigated the applications of virtual, augmented, or mixed reality in pediatric clinical settings and in the training of pediatric medical professionals was conducted.
· A total of 89 studies were retrieved, with 36 randomized controlled trials.
· In most studies, intervention using the novel technology was at least as effective or more effective than the traditional method.
· Use of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality has potential in pediatrics.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00731

Neurology

Effectiveness of Helmet therapy for infants with moderate to severe positional plagiocephaly

Jeongho Kim, Jina Kim, Kyu Young Chae

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(1):46-53. Published online December 5, 2023

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: Is helmet therapy effective for positional plagiocephaly? What factors influence helmet therapy efficacy for positional plagiocephaly?
Finding: Helmet therapy is effective for infants with moderate to severe positional plagiocephaly, and its effectiveness is influenced by age at treatment initiation, severity of head asymmetry, and daily duration of helmet wear.
Meaning: Pediatricians should initiate helmet therapy for positional plagiocephaly sooner, ideally before 9 months of age, to maximize treatment efficacy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00626

Adolescence Medicine

Relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and insulin resistance in excess-weight Latin children

Mariano Nicolás Aleman, María Constanza Luciardi, Emilce Romina Albornoz, María Cristina Bazán, Adela Victoria Abregú

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(1):37-45. Published online December 21, 2023

Web of Science 3 Crossref 3

Question: What is the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) in excess-weight Latin children, and can proinflammatory biomarkers predict it?
Finding: IR prevalence was elevated and tumor necrosis factor- α, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1, soluble CD40 ligand, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were increased in excess-weight Latin children. However, none predicted IR status.
Meaning: These inflammatory biomarkers were unable to predict IR status. Therefore, further investigations are necessary.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01382

Gastroenterology

Risk factors of prolonged diarrhea in children under 2 years old

Dedy Rahmat, Agus Firmansyah, Ina S. Timan, Saptawati Bardosono, Joedo Prihartono, Pramita Gayatri

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(12):538-544. Published online November 16, 2023

Web of Science 2 Crossref 3

Question: What are the risk factors for prolonged diarrhea in children under 2 years old?
Finding: History of antibiotic use, zinc deficiency, and elevated fecal alpha-1 antitrypsin levels were the main risk factors of prolonged diarrhea in children under 2 years old with acute diarrhea.
Meaning: Rational antibiotic usage is necessary as well as thorough testing of serum zinc level and fecal alpha-1 antitrypsin levels.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00668

General Pediatrics

Virtual reality for pain reduction during intravenous injection in pediatrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials

Ensiyeh Jenabi, Saeid Bashirian, Amir Mohammad Salehi, Masoud Rafiee, Mozhdeh Bashirian

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(12):533-537. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 3 Crossref 4

Question: This is the first meta-analysis to examine published evidence of the effectiveness of virtual reality at reducing pain during pediatric intravenous injections.
Finding: Our results suggest that virtual reality effectively reduces pain associated with intravenous injections in pediatric patients.
Meaning: These findings suggest the importance of virtual reality in decreasing the pain of intravenous injections among children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01193

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Association between maternal coronavirus disease 2019 and transient tachypnea of the newborn: a single-center study

Sung Hee Lee, Ju Hyun Jin, Jong Ha Yoo, Shin Won Yoon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(11):493-500. Published online October 24, 2023

Web of Science 3 Crossref 3

Question: What are the adverse clinical outcomes of neonates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–infected mothers?
Finding: Infants of mothers with COVID-19 were at significantly increased risk of transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), use of noninvasive ventilation, and need for supplemental oxygen (P<0.05).
Meaning: Neonates of mothers with COVID-19 are at risk of TTN and require respiratory support. Close monitoring is essential to ensuring timely intervention if required.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00563

Developmental and Behavioral Medicine

Attention-deficit/hyperactive-impulsive disorder symptoms among grade 1 students with reading disorder in Thailand

Patcharapun Sarisuta, Issarapa Chunsuwan, Tippawan Hansakunachai, Paskorn Sritipsukho

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(11):485-492. Published online October 24, 2023

Crossref 2

Question: Would students with reading disorder have a significantly higher prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactiveimpulsive disorder (ADHD) symptoms than neurotypical students?
Finding: Students at risk of reading disorder exhibited significant ADHD symptoms compared with those not at risk of reading disorder according to all presentations of teacher assessments versus only for predominantly inattentive presentations of the parental assessments.
Meaning: Students with reading disorder have a significantly higher prevalence of ADHD symptoms than neurotypical students. Sex, parental education level, average family income, and children’s school affiliation significantly influenced reading disorder prevalence.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00773

Gastroenterology

Inferior vena cava to aorta ratio in dehydrated pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Gilbert Sterling Octavius, Michelle Imanuelly, Johan Wibowo, Nadia Khoirunnisa Heryadi, Melanie Widjaja

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(11):477-484. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Question: The inferior vena cava to aorta (IVC/Ao) ratio measured via ultrasound has been touted as a promising noninvasive technique to assess clinically significant dehydration in pediatric patients.
Finding: Our meta-analysis found that IVC/Ao ratio had a positive likelihood ratio of 3.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1–5.1) and negative likelihood ratio of 0.18 (95% CI, 0.12–0.28).
Meaning: Hence, IVC/Ao ratio is insufficient to exclude or confirm significant dehydration in pediatric patients.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01445

Developmental and Behavioral Medicine

Impact of short and intensive art-based intervention on symptomatology and social interactions among children with autism spectrum disorder

Deldar Morad Abdulah, Bayar Mohammed Omar Abdulla, Pranee Liamputtong

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(10):447-454. Published online September 14, 2023

Web of Science 2 Crossref 3

Question: Does a short and intensive art-based intervention affect symptoms and social interactions among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
Finding: The short and intensive art-based intervention did not affect symptoms in children with ASD level 2 or 3, including social awareness, social cognition, social communication, social motivation, and autistic mannerisms.
Meaning: The short and intensive art-based intervention did not improve the symptoms of patients with ASD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00640

Neonatal risk factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an umbrella review

Ensiyeh Jenabi, Erfan Ayubi, Sajjad Farashi, Saeid Bashirian, Fereshteh Mehri

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(10):441-446. Published online July 14, 2023

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: The risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), such as breastfeeding, congenital heart disease, and low birth weight, in neonates are not well understood.
Finding: This umbrella review obtained significant effect sizes for ADHD for congenital heart disease (odds ratio [OR], 3.04), low birth weight (OR, 2.25), never breastfed (OR, 1.55), and Apgar score (OR, 1.30).
Meaning: Congenital heart disease, low birth weight, lack of breastfeeding, and Apgar scores were significant factors for ADHD.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01396

Critical Care Medicine

Timing of parenteral nutrition initiation in critically ill children: a randomized clinical trial

Nagwan Y. Saleh, Hesham M. Aboelghar, Nehad B. Abdelaty, Mohamed I. Garib, Asmaa A. Mahmoud

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(9):403-411. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 3 Crossref 4

Question: What is the ideal initiation timing of parenteral nutrition for critically ill children?
Finding: This randomized clinical trial of 140 children examined the effects of an early or late start of parenteral nutrition on mechanical ventilation need (primary outcome) and length of stay and mortality (secondary outcomes).
Meaning: Children who received early versus late parenteral nutrition had lower mechanical ventilation need and duration.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00178

Gastroenterology

Relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hyperandrogenemia in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome

Ozlem Kara, Hanife Aysegul Arsoy, Murat Keskin

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(9):395-402. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 6 Crossref 4

Question: Is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) a risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adolescents?
Finding: The frequency of NAFLD did not increase in adolescents with PCOS. However, hyperandrogenemia was a risk factor for NAFLD.
Meaning: Adolescents with PCOS and hyperandrogenemia should be closely monitored for hepatic steatosis.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00353

Allergy

Association between dyslipidemia and asthma in children: a systematic review and multicenter cohort study using a common data model

Ji Eun Lim, Hye Min Kim, Ju Hee Kim, Hey Sung Baek, Man Yong Han

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(8):357-365. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 7 Crossref 7

Question: Is dyslipidemia a risk factor for asthma in children?
Finding: This was a comprehensive systematic review and retrospective multicenter study of the association between dyslipidemia and asthma in children. In a multicenter cohort analysis using the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model, elevated total cholesterol levels were associated with increased risk of asthma development.
Meaning: These findings suggest an association between dyslipidemia and asthma in children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00290

Neurology

Need for palliative care from birth to infancy in pediatric patients with neurological diseases

Raffaele Falsaperla, Silvia Marino, Carla Moscheo, Lucia Giovanna Tardino, Simona Domenica Marino, Concetta Sciuto, Piero Pavone, Giovanna Vitaliti, Federica Sullo, Martino Ruggieri

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(8):350-356. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Question: What are the current palliative care protocols, palliative course, and implementable palliative care programs for hospitalized pediatric patients with neurological diseases in Italy?
Finding: We studied 34 newborns with nervous system diseases, all of whom had a poor prognosis.
Meaning: Despite current legislation in Italy, no palliative care network has been implemented. Given the vast number of patients with neurological conditions, standardized palliative care guidelines and protocols are required.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00129

Infection

Seroprevalence of maternal peripartum human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Nigerian literature

Abdulrasheed Usman, Muhammad Hamis Musa, Bukhari Isah Shuaib, Olayemi Balogun, Mukhtar Adeiza

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(7):307-316. Published online December 22, 2022

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

The peripartum period is an important transmission time for human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infection, mainly via breastfeeding and partly through the placental tissues of carrier mothers. Although most HTLV-1–infected individuals are asymptomatic, fetal and childhood infections often result in several diseases with disappointing treatment outcomes. An estimated HTLV-1 burden in Nigeria among perinatal women must be determined to enable rational planning of a comprehensive health care intervention.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00710

Cited By 21	Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants
Cited By 20	Long COVID in children and adolescents: prevalence, clinical manifestations, and management strategies
Cited By 17	Association of gut microbiota with obesity in children and adolescents
Cited By 17	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in children
Cited By 16	Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among parents of neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Original article