Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

Review Article

Gastroenterology

Upper gastrointestinal tract involvement of Crohn disease: clinical implications in children and adolescents (2,124 times)

Eun Sil Kim, Mi Jin Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(1):21-28. Published online September 10, 2021

Web of Science 1 Crossref 3

· Clinical manifestations of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract involvement in Crohn's disease (CD) are common but often clinically underestimated.
· Diagnosing CD by confirming inflammation of the UGI tract histologically is challenging because macroscopic and microscopic findings overlap with those of other diseases.
· Ongoing efforts are needed to enable a standardized assessment of UGI CD in the future.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00661

Nutrition

Macronutrients modified dietary intervention in the management of overweight/obese children and adolescents: a systematic review (2,123 times)

Jihyun Park, Oh Yoen Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(4):191-200. Published online July 11, 2023

· Dietary macronutrient modifications affect the body composition of and metabolic markers in children and adolescents.
· Hypocaloric diets, regardless of macronutrient composition, are reportedly effective for weight loss in obese children.
· Future interventional studies with meta-analyses that include Korean children and adolescents are needed to provide basic information applicable to this population.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00262

Infection

Four months of rifampicin monotherapy for latent tuberculosis infection in children (2,075 times)

Chi Eun Oh, Dick Menzies

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):214-221. Published online October 29, 2021

Web of Science 6 Crossref 6

· Recently, the importance of a short-term treatment regimen including rifamycin has been highlighted in the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI).
· Four prospective or retrospective studies in children consistently reported that a 4-month daily rifampicin regimen (4R) had a higher completion rate than and comparable safety to a nine-month daily isoniazid regimen.
· We suggest rifampicin 20–30 mg/kg/day for children aged 0–2 years and 15–20 mg/kg/day for children aged 2–10 years in 4R to treat LTBI.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01186

Allergy

New approaches to immunotherapy in house dust mite allergy (2,032 times)

In Sik Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(4):161-168. Published online October 25, 2022

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has developed over the last few decades and has emerged as a promising treatment. House dust mite (HDM) is a target allergen in AIT, and various modified HDM allergens have been improved for their efficacy. Moreover, clinical trials have proved their significantly therapeutic effects in allergy. This article review focuses on HDM allergens developed for AIT efficacy,...

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00479

Original Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Effect of vitamin E supplementation on bilirubin levels in infants with hyperbilirubinemia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial (2,031 times)

Mojtaba Cheraghi, Maziar Nikouei, Majid Mansouri, Siros Hemmatpour, Yousef Moradi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(5):249-256. Published online March 26, 2024

Question: Is vitamin E a viable therapeutic option for managing neonatal hyperbilirubinemia?
Finding: This randomized clinical trial examined the effects of oral vitamin E supplementation on bilirubin reduction (primary outcome), phototherapy duration, and length of hospital stay (secondary outcome) in 138 infants.
Meaning: Infants administered vitamin E versus placebo demonstrated similar reductions in bilirubin levels and length of hospital stay.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01312

Review Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Neonatal family-centered care: evidence and practice models (2,029 times)

Juyoung Lee

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(4):171-177. Published online June 14, 2023

· Concrete evidence exists of early parent-infant attachment supported by family-centered care (FCC) in the neonatal intensive care unit.
· FCC involves the parents’ presence and participation in the infant’s care and decision-making.
· A private and comfortable space should be provided. A single-family room is ideal; however, a quiet space with a recliner can be a good alternative.
· Care culture changes and staff training are required.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00367

Infection

Therapeutics for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in children and adolescents (2,015 times)

Soo-Han Choi, Jae Hong Choi, Ki Wook Yun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(8):377-386. Published online June 27, 2022

Web of Science 5 Crossref 5

· Children and adolescents with high risks for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should be identified and proper treatment should be provided promptly according to the patient’s condition.
· Remdesivir can be considered for pediatric patients of all ages with COVID-19 who have an emergent or increase in supplemental oxygen.
· The use of corticosteroids is not recommended for patients with nonsevere COVID-19. Corticosteroids are recommended in children and adolescents with severe and critical COVID-19.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00458

Original Article

Nutrition

Not breastfeeding and risk of autism spectrum disorders among children: a meta-analysis (1,992 times)

Ensiyeh Jenabi, Saeid Bashirian, Amir Mohammad Salehi, Salman Khazaei

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(1):28-31. Published online July 19, 2022

Web of Science 2 Crossref 5

This study aimed to determine whether there is an association between not breastfeeding (versus breastfeeding) and the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) among children. We found that the risk of ASD associated with not breastfeeding had an odds ratio of 1.81 (95% confidence interval, 1.35–2.27; I²=0 %). These findings suggest the importance of breastfeeding in decreasing the risk of ASD among children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01872

Review Article

Infection

Epidemiological changes in infectious diseases during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Korea: a systematic review (1,991 times)

Jong Gyun Ahn

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):167-171. Published online November 30, 2021

Web of Science 10 Crossref 11

· Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have had a major impact on the epidemiology of various infectious diseases in Korea.
· Respiratory diseases and gastrointestinal viral diseases were significantly reduced during the NPI period.
· The decrease in Kawasaki disease after the introduction of NPI is an unintended result.
· Infectious diseases that decreased during NPI use may re-emerge.
· We must continuously monitor the epidemiology of various infectious diseases during the coronavirus era

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01515

Nephrology (Genitourinary)

Kidney complications associated with COVID-19 infection and vaccination in children and adolescents: a brief review (1,990 times)

Hee Sun Baek, Min Hyun Cho

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(10):424-431. Published online June 28, 2023

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

Several observational studies have shown that acute kidney injury affects up to 46% of children and adolescents who develop severe postinflammatory responses, such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in childhood, due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although causality has not been established, some cases of glomerulopathy or nephrotic syndrome occurring after COVID-19 infection or vaccination have been reported. Therefore, kidney complications associated with these conditions in children and adolescents warrant attention.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00738

Original Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Efficacy of body position on gastric residual in preterm infant: a systematic review and meta-analysis (1,981 times)

Kurvatteppa Halemani, Alwin Issac, Sanjay Dhiraaj, Prabhaker Mishra

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(6):262-270. Published online November 30, 2022

Web of Science 4 Crossref 5

Breastfeeding and it's tolerance are the positive indicators for preterm babies. Placing the preterm infant in the right lateral or prone position after feed had lesser gastric residual volume compared to placing them in left lateral or supine positions. The post-feed position is a vital element in enhancing feeding tolerance, mechanical functions of the gastrointestinal tract and the overall development of preterm infants.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01508

Review Article

Gastroenterology

High-resolution anorectal manometry in children (1,977 times)

Yogesh Waikar

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):57-63. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

· Anorectal manometry is safe in children.
· Defecation Dyssynergia is one of the commonest cause of chronic constipation.
· Positive Rectoanal inhibiory reflex rules out Hirschsprung's Disease

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01242

Current diagnosis and image-guided reduction for intussusception in children (1,975 times)

Jisun Hwang, Hee Mang Yoon, Pyeong Hwa Kim, Ah Young Jung, Jin Seong Lee, Young Ah Cho

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(1):12-21. Published online July 4, 2022

Web of Science 1 Crossref 2

· Intussusception, the most common cause of small bowel obstruction in young children, has an overall incidence in Korea of 28.3 cases per 100,000 person-years.
· Its cause is idiopathic inmost cases, although viral or bacterial gastroenteritis has beenpostulated as a cause. Approximately 4% of children have pathological lead points for intussusception, and Meckel’s diverticulum is the most common cause.
· Intussusception in preterm infants is extremely rare. Older children (>5 years of age) are at increased risk of pathological lead points.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01816

Original Article

Allergy

Association between dyslipidemia and asthma in children: a systematic review and multicenter cohort study using a common data model (1,956 times)

Ji Eun Lim, Hye Min Kim, Ju Hee Kim, Hey Sung Baek, Man Yong Han

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(8):357-365. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 5 Crossref 6

Question: Is dyslipidemia a risk factor for asthma in children?
Finding: This was a comprehensive systematic review and retrospective multicenter study of the association between dyslipidemia and asthma in children. In a multicenter cohort analysis using the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model, elevated total cholesterol levels were associated with increased risk of asthma development.
Meaning: These findings suggest an association between dyslipidemia and asthma in children.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00290

Review Article

Neurology

Gut microbiota affects brain development and behavior (1,946 times)

Gun-Ha Kim, Jung-Ok Shim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(7):274-280. Published online November 8, 2022

Web of Science 5 Crossref 4

· The gut microbiota can alter a host’s brain development and behavior.
· Gut bacteria communicate with the brain via the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
· Fecal microbial transplantation is a promising treatment strategy for autism spectrum disorder.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01550

Letter to the Editor

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Telemedicine as progressive treatment approach for neonatal jaundice due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (1,924 times)

Sukanya Sudhir Joshi, Bithiah Roy Benroy, Isabell Nelson Lawrence, Thanuja Jayasri Suresh

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(5):269-271. Published online February 7, 2022

Web of Science 3 Crossref 3

Question: How can the management of neonatal jaundice (NJ) be enhanced through telemedicine?
Finding: Teleconsultations, drive-through testing, and the use of an application to assess neonatal jaundice at home are being successfully used, but they must be further researched before being implemented on a larger scale.
Meaning: Recent technology allows for the treatment of NJ at home with an application that helps reduce hospital burden.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01235

Original Article

Nutrition

Survey of Korean pediatrician’s perceptions of barriers to and improvements in breastfeeding (1,903 times)

Seong Phil Bae, Woo Ryoung Lee, Won-Ho Hahn, Hye-Jung Shin, Young Min Ahn, Son Moon Shin, Yong Joo Kim, Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim, Youn Jeong Shin, Dae Yong Yi, Soon Min Lee, Juyoung Lee, Jin A Lee, Sung-Hoon Chung, Euiseok Jung, Eui Kyung Choi, Ju Sun Heo

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(11):540-546. Published online July 29, 2022

Web of Science 2 Crossref 4

Question: What barriers to breastfeeding do Korean pediatricians perceive?
Finding: Regardless of medical institution, breastfeeding counseling for parents is currently limited, and breastfeeding is commonly discontinued due to various maternal and neonatal factors.
Meaning: To promote breastfeeding, increasing pediatrician participation in breastfeeding counseling with the establishment of appropriate breastfeeding counseling fees and the expansion of practical and high-quality breastfeeding education for medical staff should be considered.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00311

Review Article

Allergy

Moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in children: focus on systemic Th2 cytokine receptor antagonists and Janus kinase inhibitors (1,896 times)

Jeong Hee Kim, Mona Salem Samra

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):64-79. Published online June 14, 2023

Crossref 1

· Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by a strong T helper (Th)2 response, although the extents of Th22, Th17/ interleukin (IL)-23, and Th1 responses vary among disease subtypes.
· Children with moderate to severe AD may require early systemic therapy to reduce the systemic inflammation caused by increased Th2 cytokine levels.
· Dupilumab, which blocks IL-4/IL-13 receptor, has equivalent efficacy for extrinsic and intrinsic AD and a favorable safety profile in infants and children aged 6 months and older.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00346

Practical issues of oral immunotherapy for egg or milk allergy (1,880 times)

Sukyung Kim, Kangmo Ahn, Jihyun Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(3):140-148. Published online June 19, 2023

Web of Science 1

· Oral immunotherapy should be supervised by pediatricians with experience administering oral food challenge tests and managing allergic reactions.
· Food allergen intake is gradually increased and maintained for years.
· Patients may experience allergic reactions and psychological problems.
· Adjunctive therapies (biologics, antihistamines, and leukotriene receptor antagonists) may improve efficacy and safety.
· Contraindications include uncontrolled asthma, malignancy, active autoimmune disorders, and beta-blocker usage.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00234

Original Article

Other

Virtual, augmented, and mixed reality: potential clinical and training applications in pediatrics (1,878 times)

Suyoung Yoo, Meong Hi Son

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):92-103. Published online May 24, 2023

· Review of articles that investigated the applications of virtual, augmented, or mixed reality in pediatric clinical settings and in the training of pediatric medical professionals was conducted.
· A total of 89 studies were retrieved, with 36 randomized controlled trials.
· In most studies, intervention using the novel technology was at least as effective or more effective than the traditional method.
· Use of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality has potential in pediatrics.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00731

Cardiology

Effect of face mask on pulmonary artery pressure during echocardiography in children and adolescents (1,853 times)

Alireza Ahmadi, Mohammad Reza Sabri, Zohreh Sadat Navabi

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(3):161-167. Published online January 23, 2024

Question: Can face masks alter pulmonary pressure in children and adolescents with and without congenital heart disease?
Findings: Mask removal during echocardiography (ECHO) reduced pulmonary pressure.
Meaning: These findings suggest that face masks should be removed during ECHO in children and adolescents.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01172

Review Article

Pulmonology

Long COVID in children and adolescents: prevalence, clinical manifestations, and management strategies (1,787 times)

Eun Kyo Ha, Ju Hee Kim, Man Yong Han

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(11):465-474. Published online June 19, 2023

Web of Science 7 Crossref 9

· Current definitions of long coronavirus disease (COVID) in children and adolescents vary in duration, ranging from 4 to 12 weeks or more.
· The clinical spectrum of long COVID in children and adolescents comprises a wide range of symptoms and might be a multisystem disorder.
· Persistent health problems with a prevalence of 1%–66.5% were reported in children and adolescents after COVID-19, with a higher incidence of persistent single or multiple symptoms.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00472

Original Article

Developmental and Behavioral Medicine

Effectiveness of obesity interventions among South Korean children and adolescents and importance of the type of intervention component: a meta-analysis (1,777 times)

Siyoung Choe, Jaesin Sa, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Deokjin Kim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(2):98-107. Published online November 23, 2021

Question: What is the overall effect of obesity interventions among Korean children and what affects their effectiveness?
Finding: Interventions were strongly favored over controls. Interventions including at least one physical activity component were significantly better than those that did not. Sex, age, baseline weight category, intervention duration, and the number of intervention components were not significant.
Meaning: Future obesity interventions for Korean children must seek to include physical activity components.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00409

Review Article

Gastroenterology

Update on eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease beyond eosinophilic esophagitis in children (1,763 times)

Hye Ran Yang

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(6):233-239. Published online January 3, 2023

Web of Science 1

· Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID) is uncommon, with a prevalence of 1–30/100,000 in the general population; however, it is increasing worldwide.
· The diagnosis of EGID is based on histopathological findings of endoscopic mucosal biopsy in which tissue eosinophils are counted in each gastrointestinal tract segment of patients with chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms.
· Individualized treatment strategies, including adequate dietary and pharmacological therapy, may help improve outcomes of children with EGID.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01046

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants (1,748 times)

In Gyu Song

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(7):281-287. Published online December 30, 2022

Web of Science 2 Crossref 4

· Among survivors, 60.9% of infants born at 22 weeks’ gestation had moderate to severe impairments, whereas 50.3% born at 23 weeks’ and 42.2% at 24 weeks’ gestation had moderate to severe impairments.
· Moderate and late preterm infants reportedly have less severe disease than very preterm infants, but they still experience adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
· The careful follow-up and early detection of developmental problems in these patients are required.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00822

Letter to the Editor

Other

Changes in air pollution and childhood respiratory viral infections in Korea post-COVID-19 outbreak (1,726 times)

Hyung Kyu Park, Jung Yeon Shim

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):211-213. Published online February 17, 2022

Web of Science 2 Crossref 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.01585

Original Article

Neonatology (Perinatology)

A thickened formula reduces feeding-associated oxygen desaturation and bradycardia in preterm infants (1,688 times)

Gayoung Lee, Juyoung Lee, Ga Won Jeon, Yong Hoon Jun

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(1):32-37. Published online December 15, 2022

Web of Science 1 Crossref 1

Question: Is a commercial thickened formula able to alleviate oral feeding-associated desaturation and bradycardia in preterm infants?
Finding: Thickened formula feeding significantly reduced oral feeding-associated desaturation and bradycardia in preterm infants.
Meaning: Thickened formula feeding stabilizes oxygen saturation and heart rate during oral feeding among preterm infants with feeding difficulties.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.00780

Review Article

Other

MicroRNAs as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric diseases (1,687 times)

Hwal Rim Jeong, Il Tae Hwang

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(3):119-125. Published online May 24, 2023

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post transcriptionally, and MiRNA expression levels vary with developmental stages. MiRNAs play an important role in several biological processes in children, including growth, neuro-development, inflammation, and tumor formation. Research on miRNAs may uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying various pediatric diseases, leading to the development of novel biomarkers that aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of these diseases.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00171

Neonatology (Perinatology)

Pathophysiology, classification, and complications of common asymptomatic thrombocytosis in newborn infants (1,680 times)

Ga Won Jeon

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(4):182-187. Published online October 18, 2021

Web of Science 2 Crossref 2

· Thrombocytosis, common in newborns and infants (<2 years) (3%–13%), is caused by elevated thrombopoietin (TPO) concentrations.
· Serum TPO levels are significantly higher immediately to 1 month postnatal and decrease with age.
· Platelet counts are positively correlated with gestational age at birth and postnatal age.
· Thrombocytosis is more common in preterm than in term infants.
· Thrombocytosis in newborns is reactive and resolves spontaneously without complications.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2021.00864

Original Article

Gastroenterology

Relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hyperandrogenemia in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (1,626 times)

Ozlem Kara, Hanife Aysegul Arsoy, Murat Keskin

Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(9):395-402. Published online June 14, 2023

Web of Science 2 Crossref 1

Question: Is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) a risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adolescents?
Finding: The frequency of NAFLD did not increase in adolescents with PCOS. However, hyperandrogenemia was a risk factor for NAFLD.
Meaning: Adolescents with PCOS and hyperandrogenemia should be closely monitored for hepatic steatosis.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.00353

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