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"Most downloaded" Articles are from the articles published in 2024 during the last six months.
- Original Article
- Nutrition
- Success rates of conservative treatment and optimal surgical timing for pediatric chylothorax
(74 times)
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Pakwan Kaewchusen, Narumon Densupsoontorn, Supaluck Kanjanauthai, Puthita Saengpanit
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):871-878. Published online August 6, 2025
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Question: What is the success rate of conservative treatment for pediatric chylothorax, and when should surgical intervention be employed?
Finding: Overall success rate of conservative treatment was 83.3%. Surgically related etiologies and lower peak pleural fluid drainage rates were significantly associated with successful conservative management of pediatric chylothorax.
Meaning: If chylous drainage persists at ≥10 mL/kg/day beyond 2 weeks of optimal conservative treatment, surgical intervention should be considered. |
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- Other
- Comparing ethyl chloride and 10% lignocaine spray for pediatric intravenous cannulation pain relief
(74 times)
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Susmitha Vellanki, Malavika Kulkarni, H.D. Arun Kumar, Deepali Shetty, Nikhil Karthik B, Mathew Tom
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):65-72. Published online November 21, 2025
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Background: Intravenous cannulation (IVC) is a routine yet distressing procedure in pediatric patients, often provoking significant anxiety and procedural pain. Although eutectic mixtures such as eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream are widely used, their delayed onset limits their applicability in time-sensitive settings. Ethyl chloride vapocoolant spray and 10% lignocaine spray have been proposed as rapid-onset alternatives, yet direct comparative... |
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- General Pediatrics
- Global and regional burden of neonatal disorders (preterm birth, encephalopathy, jaundice, and sepsis), 1990–2021 and projections to 2050
(73 times)
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Yuseon Kang, Jeongseon Oh, Dongjin Yeo, Jaeyu Park, Sooji Lee, Na Yun Kim, Jungmin Park, Seung Ha Hwang, Tae Hyeong Kim, Dong Keon Yon
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(2):171-181. Published online October 30, 2025
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This study provides the first comprehensive estimated global burden of neonatal disorders attributable to risk factors in 1990–2021 stratified by sex, cause, sociodemographic index (SDI), and region. We identified persistent disparities across SDI levels, with low birthweight and short gestation contributing most to the age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate of neonatal disorders. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted context-specific interventions to reduce infant mortality and improve neonatal health equity. |
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- Review Article
- Nutrition
- Exploring nutritional screening tools for hospitalized children: a narrative review
(71 times)
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Pankaj Soni, Amit Agrawal, Gaurav Jadon
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(12):963-970. Published online October 22, 2025
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Malnutrition is frequently identified in hospitalized children, and the use of nutritional screening tools is crucial for assessing their nutritional status during their hospital admission and stay. Common tools include the Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score, Screening Tool for Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics, and Screening Tool for Risk of Nutritional Status and Growth. However, these tools have varying sensitivities and specificities, and none is recommended for all hospitalized children. |
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- Original Article
- Rheumatology
- Recurrent immunoglobulin A vasculitis in children and adolescents: prevalence and associated risk factors
(71 times)
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Nootsara Atchariyaphuk, Maynart Sukharomana, Thanaporn Chaiyapak, Sirirat Charuvanij
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):46-55. Published online October 22, 2025
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Question: What can predict immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) recurrence, and when does it occur? How do childhood- and adolescent-onset IgAV compare?
Finding: The IgAV recurrence rate was 35.6%. It usually occurred within 12 months and was associated with corticosteroids treatment.
Meaning: Childhood-onset IgAV more commonly featured gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal manifestations and required hospitalization. Adolescent-onset IgAV more commonly featured renal involvement. Vigilant monitoring for recurrence is necessary, particularly with corticosteroids treatment. |
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- Gastroenterology
- Gut microbiota and metabolomic alterations in newborns of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus
(69 times)
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Wan-Hsin Su, Yi-Wei Wang, Chien-Chang Chen, Ming-Wei Lai, Hsun-Chin Chao, Ming-Chou Chiang, Ren-Huei Fu, Pai-Jui Yeh
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):26-35. Published online October 22, 2025
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Question: Does maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affect newborn gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles?
Finding: Neonates born to mothers with diet-controlled GDM exhibited reduced gut microbiota α-diversity, altered β-diversity, and metabolic shifts, including changes in fumarate and succinate levels, with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and adipocytokine signaling pathway activation.
Meaning: Maternal GDM affects early microbial colonization and metabolism in newborns and may have long-term health implications. |
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- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Prolonged cerebral oxygenation surveillance with algorithm-based management: a neurocritical care bundle for extremely preterm infants
(69 times)
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Kai-Hsiang Hsu, Wei-Hung Wu, Shu-Yu Lin, Chih-Chen Chang, Mei-Yin Lai, I-Hsyuan Wu, Shih-Ming Chu, Ming-Chou Chiang, Reyin Lien
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(4):304-312. Published online December 22, 2025
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Question: Is prolonged monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rcSO2) and hemodynamic parameters a feasible approach? Can these measures predict the neurological outcomes in extremely preterm infants?
Finding: We used a neurocritical care bundle from birth to discharge or term-equivalent age. Infants with poor outcomes had significantly lower rcSO2 values.
Meaning: Understanding rcSO2 and hemodynamic parameters may help manage cerebral hypoxia and reduce neurological complications in extremely preterm infants. |
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- Review Article
- Immunology
- Multiomics approaches in Kawasaki disease: insights into pathogenesis and emerging directions for diagnosis and treatment
(67 times)
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Jong Gyun Ahn, Insoo Kang
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(3):197-210. Published online February 25, 2026
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Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile vasculitis and the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children. Despite decades of research, the etiology remains unknown and key mechanisms linking systemic inflammation to coronary artery lesions are incompletely defined. High-throughput technologies—including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, and immunomics—have enabled systems-level profiling of KD and highlighted reproducible inflammatory and vascular pathways.... |
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- Original Article
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Validation of a new Japanese classification for predicting severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants
(67 times)
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Masato Ito, Shinya Hirano, Fumihiko Namba
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(3):274-281. Published online January 20, 2026
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Question: Can the revised Japanese classification predict severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) early in preterm infants?
Finding: Small for gestational age and bubbly/cystic chest radiographic patterns were independently associated with severe BPD, and subtypes I and III showed particularly strong associations.
Meaning: This classification may facilitate early risk stratification and guide timely supportive strategies to prevent progression to severe BPD. |
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- General Pediatrics
- Lipoprotein(a) prevalence trends in Portuguese children and adolescents: a real-world perspective
(66 times)
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Isabel Morais Ribeiro, Susete Vieira, Miguel Saraiva, Mónica Tavares, José Carlos Oliveira, Isabel Mangas Palma, Helena Ferreira Mansilha
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(12):1031-1040. Published online November 24, 2025
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Early lipid screening, including lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), in children/adolescents is key to identifying and managing dyslipidemia and reducing the risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease. This study shows that prevalence of elevated Lp(a) in high-risk Portuguese children is alarming, with over 30% at intermediate/high risk and nearly 1% at very high-risk (>430 nmol/L). Since Lp(a) is mostly genetically determined, one-time early screening in atrisk children is crucial for timely monitoring and prevention. |
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- Review Article
- General Pediatrics
- Impact of screen exposure during pediatric ages including multifaceted aggravating factors: a literature review
(66 times)
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Daniel González-Pérez, David Sebastián Huertas-Moreno, Manuela Granados-Pinilla, Sofía Hernandez-Rojas, Laura González-Rincon, Geraldine Hurtado-Garcia, Simón Grisales-Calle, María José González-Mariño, Luz Dary Gutierrez-Castañeda, Jhon Camacho-Cruz
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(10):751-760. Published online September 24, 2025
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Excessive screen time in children is linked to obesity, overweight, sedentary behavior, depression and mood disorders, myopia, behavioral changes, sleep disturbances, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, among others. Polymorphisms in genes like FTO, CACNA1D, and DRD2 could further increase these risks. Implementing strategies such as limiting screen use, creating screen-free zones, and monitoring content is essential to mitigate adverse physical and mental health effects in the pediatric population. |
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- Original Article
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Perinatal risk factors for hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight infants
(66 times)
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Jie Hee Jue, So Young Shin, Jae Hyun Park, Chun Soo Kim, Hee Joung Choi
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(4):313-321. Published online December 22, 2025
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Question: What perinatal factors influence patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in and improve outcomes of preterm infants?
Finding: Lower birth weight, frequent surfactant treatment, and maternal hypertension increased hemodynamically significant PDA risk in very low birth weight infants, whereas chorioamnionitis and premature rupture of membranes protected against it. A lower birth weight and incomplete antenatal steroid use increased the risk of surgical ligation, whereas small for gestational age reduced it.
Meaning: Recognizing these factors may enable early, targeted intervention and reduce the need for surgical management. |
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- Endocrinology
- Long-term epidemiological insights into rickets: a nationwide population-based retrospective study
(65 times)
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Chun-Hao Chu, Ying-Chuan Chen, Pei-Yao Liu, Chun-Chieh Hu, Yu-Lung Lin, Feng-Chih Kuo, Chieh-Hua Lu, Tzu-Ju Hsu, Yu-Tung Hung, Fuu-Jen Tsai, Chien-Ming Lin
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):879-891. Published online August 20, 2025
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Question: What are the nationwide trends and mortality risk factors of nutritional versus hereditary rickets among children in Asia?
Finding: In 2012–2018, the incidence of rickets steadily increased, whereas mortality rates declined. Mortality is associated with a low household income, anemia, chronic kidney disease, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and a prolonged hospital stay.
Meaning: Early diagnosis and targeted interventions addressing social and medical vulnerabilities are critical to reducing ricket-related mortality. |
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- General Pediatrics
- Comparative analysis of goal attainment for helmet therapy versus conservative management for positional plagiocephaly in infants
(65 times)
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Bjoern Vogt, Ariane Deutschle, Georg Gosheger, Adrien Frommer, Andrea Laufer, Henning Tretow, Robert Roedl, Gregor Toporowski
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):892-900. Published online October 2, 2025
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Question: Is helmet therapy more effective than conservative management in treating positional plagiocephaly?
Finding: Both approaches reduced cranial asymmetry with comparable correction speed. Helmet therapy showed a trend toward greater severity reduction.
Meaning: Early treatment initiation was the strongest predictor of improvement. Helmet therapy may offer additional benefit in more severe cases. |
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- Guideline
- Infection
- Recommendation for use of 15- and 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Korean infants and children
(64 times)
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Ki Wook Yun, Dong Hyun Kim, Jong Gyun Ahn, Byung-Wook Eun, Jin Lee, Jina Lee, Taek-Jin Lee, Hyunju Lee, Dae Sun Jo, Eun Young Cho, Hye-Kyung Cho, Soo-Han Choi, Young June Choe, Ui Yoon Choi, Yun-Kyung Kim; The Committee on Infectious Diseases of the Korean Pediatric Society
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):76-83. Published online December 30, 2025
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Compared to PCV13, PCV15 includes 2 (22F and 33F), and PCV20 includes 7 (8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 22F, and 33F) additional serotypes. The vaccination schedule remains the same: primary doses at 2, 4, and 6 months, and a booster at 12–15 months. If PCV13 was administered in the primary series, PCV15 and PCV20 may be used to complete it or as a booster. |
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- Editorial
- Other
- Beyond the eye: a multidisciplinary perspective on managing pediatric myopia
(62 times)
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Eoi Jong Seo
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(8):566-568. Published online July 18, 2025
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Myopia is a growing global public health concern because of its association with irreversible vision loss such as myopic traction maculopathy, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and glaucoma. The effective prevention of myopia in childhood requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates ophthalmologic care with lifestyle, nutrition, and sleep interventions. Early detection through regular visual screening in schools and primary care settings and timely ophthalmology referrals are critical to preventing high myopia. |
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- Original Article
- Critical Care Medicine
- Serum amyloid A and proadrenomedullin as early markers in critically ill children with sepsis
(62 times)
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Nagwan Y. Saleh, Wafaa M. Abo El Fotoh, Mona S. Habib, Salem E. Deraz
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(8):578-586. Published online February 26, 2025
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Question: Are serum amyloid A (SAA) and proadrenomedullin (proADM) levels early markers in critically ill children with sepsis?
Finding: This prospective case-control study included 65 critically ill children with sepsis admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and 31 controls. SAA and proADM levels were significantly higher in patients versus controls.
Meaning: SAA and proADM are promising biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting outcomes in pediatric sepsis. |
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- Review Article
- Hematology
- Iron deficiency in children with a focus on inflammatory conditions
(61 times)
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Na Hee Lee
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(6):283-293. Published online May 21, 2024
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· Iron deficiency has important effects on neurodevelopment and the immune system in children.
· Hepcidine plays an important role in iron homeostasis.
· Diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency in chronic inflammatory disease are important for patients' quality of life and disease course. |
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- Nephrology (Genitourinary)
- Assessing kidney outcomes in childhood-onset lupus nephritis: role of National Institutes of Health-modified histological indices
(61 times)
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Nuanpan Penboon, Pornpimol Rianthavorn
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(2):130-139. Published online October 23, 2025
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Question: In children with proliferative lupus nephritis, do National Institutes of Health-modified indices and treatment choices predict long-term kidney function?
Finding: Higher chronicity index scores, especially tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis, predicted kidney impairment. Additionally, the use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for maintenance therapy was associated with a lower risk of kidney function decline.
Meaning: The early recognition of chronic lesions and MMF-based maintenance therapy may improve kidney outcomes in childhood-onset lupus nephritis. |
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- Discordance between antibiotic therapy and recurrent urinary tract infections in young children with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant infections
(61 times)
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Yusin Kim, Hyun A Lee, Gil Lee, Kyungseok Park, Ye Kyung Kim, Peong Gang Park
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(3):228-235. Published online November 26, 2025
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Question: Does completing a third-generation cephalosporin course, despite in vitro resistance, increase the early urinary tract infection recurrence rate in children?
Finding: Among 989 Korean children, discordant therapy increased the 2-month recurrence risk by 40% compared with concordant or susceptible therapy.
Meaning: Checking isolate susceptibility and switching to an active oral drug may curb recurrence and limit the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. |
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- Review Article
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Strategies to support language development in neonatal intensive care unit: a narrative review
(59 times)
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Ju Sun Heo, Ee-Kyung Kim
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(12):651-663. Published online November 6, 2024
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· Preterm infants often experience speech and language development delays during early childhood, impacting children's ultimate outcomes.
· Promoting breastfeeding, increasing parent-infant interactions in a single-family room, promoting a nurturing language environment by parental book reading and language interventions, and parent-integrated interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit could potentially enhance children's language development.
· Integrating these strategies through family-centered care is essential. |
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- Editorial
- Neurology
- Screen time and neurodevelopment in preschoolers: addressing a growing concern in pediatric practice
(59 times)
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Soongang Park, Hyewon Woo
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):434-436. Published online January 13, 2025
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· Excessive screen time in preschoolers is associated with neurodevelopmental delays, particularly during the early years of life.
· Parental supervision and national guidelines are critical in mitigating the negative impacts of excessive screen time and fostering healthy media habits in preschoolers. |
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- Original Article
- Pulmonology
- Clinical course of children with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans with versus without comorbid bronchopulmonary dysplasia
(58 times)
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Lamia Medghoul, Julien Grosjean, Christophe Marguet, Hortense Petat
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):497-502. Published online April 1, 2025
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Question: Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a chronic respiratory disease that typically develops in children after a severe respiratory infection. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is often comorbid in patients with PIBO.
Finding: Corticosteroid pulse therapy effectively manages PIBO with or without comorbid BPD, significantly reducing exacerbations and decreasing the daily requirement for inhaled corticosteroids.
Meaning: Therapeutic effects of corticosteroid pulses are rapid and sustained over time, in both groups. |
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- Critical Care Medicine
- Effect of postoperative enteral protein supplementation on nitrogen balance in critically ill children
(58 times)
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Irene Yuniar, Kadek Apik Lestari, Antonius Hocky Pudjiadi, Fatima Safira Alatas, Yoga Devaera
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(10):790-800. Published online May 30, 2025
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Question: Does high-protein enteral nutrition better increase the average nitrogen balance (NB) and decrease the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) level of critically ill postoperative children than standard-protein enteral nutrition?
Finding: The study demonstrated a significant increase in average NB but no significant decrease in I-FABP levels in the high- versus low-protein group.
Meaning: These findings suggest that high-protein enteral nutrition can improve NB in critically ill postoperative children, thereby supporting their recovery. |
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- Editorial
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- The predetermined future: tackling South Korea’s total fertility rate crisis
(57 times)
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Jin Kyu Kim
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(3):225-227. Published online November 6, 2024
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· South Korea faces a severe demographic crisis with the lowest global fertility rate. Despite significant investments, the total fertility rate continues to decline.
· It is necessary to fully mobilize national capabilities and execute comprehensive strategies that focus on both intangible and tangible values.
· Immediate and decisive action is essential to addressing these challenges effectively. |
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- Original Article
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Hemodynamics and cerebral oxygenation in the neonatal transition: a prospective pilot study
(57 times)
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Daniel Pfurtscheller, Christoph Schlatzer, Nina Höller, Bernhard Schwaberger, Lukas P. Mileder, Nariae Baik-Schneditz, Magdalena Holter, Gerhard Pichler
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Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(4):330-339. Published online January 13, 2026
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Question: How is arterial blood pressure related to cerebral oxygenation during the immediate postnatal transition in neonates?
Finding: Among preterm infants requiring respiratory support, cerebral oxygenation was associated with diastolic and mean arterial pressures, indicating passive pressure perfusion.
Meaning: Compromised preterm infants are vulnerable to impaired autoregulation with cerebral oxygenation fluctuations, highlighting the need for hemodynamic and cerebral monitoring plus routine monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate. |
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