Most downloaded
- Page Path
-
- HOME
- BROWSE ARTICLES
- Most downloaded
"Most downloaded" Articles are from the articles published in 2024 during the last six months.
- Review Article
- Endocrinology
- Pubertal induction in prepubertal males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: testosterone or gonadotropins?
(108 times)
-
Paolo Cavarzere, Riccardo Battiston, Valentina Lupieri, Valentina Mancioppi, Claudio Maffeis
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(1):1-10. Published online December 18, 2025
-
|
The pubertal induction process in males still poses a challenge for pediatric endocrinologists. The existing literature is limited, and it is not yet possible to make definitive recommendations. We described the various treatment for this condition and tried to analyze the unresolved questions to address the question posed in the title of our manuscript. |
-
-
- General Pediatrics
- Bridging the gap: autism spectrum disorder in children in the United States and worldwide: a narrative review
(101 times)
-
Sandhya J. Kadam, Malika Goel
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):852-857. Published online October 2, 2025
-
|
The prevalence of autism is increasing worldwide. The United States has the highest numbers, likely due to the availability of better treatment options. However, global disparities exist, especially in low-resource settings in which stigma, underdiagnosis, and limited services hinder care. A coordinated international approach emphasizing early screening, inclusive policies, and culturally sensitive support systems can bridge this gap and improve the outcomes for children with autism and their families worldwide. |
-
-
- Editorial
- Nutrition
- Zinc as a treatment modality for acute infectious diarrhea in children
(98 times)
-
Ji Sook Park
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(3):223-224. Published online October 31, 2024
-
|
|
· Prevention and management of dehydration is the major goal of treatment in acute infectious diarrhea in children.
· Zinc could be effective as an adjuvant therapy in reducing the duration of acute infectious diarrhea in malnourished children. |
-
-
- Review Article
- Gastroenterology
- Balancing therapeutic benefits and hidden risks of proton pump inhibitors in pediatric practice: a narrative review and update
(96 times)
-
Maria Rogalidou, Alexandra Papadopoulou
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(3):186-196. Published online February 25, 2026
-
|
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) effectively treat acid-related disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, eosinophilic esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Long-term use, particularly in children, may lead to microbiome alterations, nutrient deficiencies, infections, renal injury, osteoporosis, fractures, and other gastrointestinal changes. PPI therapy should be guided by clear clinical indications, prescribed at the lowest effective dose for the shortest necessary duration, and regularly reassessed to minimize risks in young children. |
-
-
- Allergy
- Practical issues of oral immunotherapy for egg or milk allergy
(92 times)
-
Sukyung Kim, Kangmo Ahn, Jihyun Kim
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(3):140-148. Published online June 19, 2023
-
|
· Oral immunotherapy should be supervised by pediatricians with experience administering oral food challenge tests and managing allergic reactions.
· Food allergen intake is gradually increased and maintained for years.
· Patients may experience allergic reactions and psychological problems.
· Adjunctive therapies (biologics, antihistamines, and leukotriene receptor antagonists) may improve efficacy and safety.
· Contraindications include uncontrolled asthma, malignancy, active autoimmune disorders, and beta-blocker usage. |
-
-
- Original Article
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Respiratory severity score-guided postnatal systemic corticosteroid therapy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants
(92 times)
-
Gyeong Eun Yeom, Ju Sun Heo, Baek Sup Shin, Seh Hyun Kim, Seung Han Shin, Ee-Kyung Kim, Han-Suk Kim
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(9):656-665. Published online July 8, 2025
-
|
Question: Does a respiratory severity score (RSS)-guided postnatal corticosteroid protocol improve respiratory outcomes of extremely preterm (EP) infants without worsening neurodevelopmental outcomes?
Finding: The protocol enabled targeted and early steroid use, thereby reducing severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia without affecting mortality or causing neurodevelopmental impairments.
Meaning: The RSS-guided protocol may offer a more precise and individualized postnatal corticosteroid therapy for EP infants. |
-
-
- Neurology
- Long-term outcome in children with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome: a multicenter retrospective study in Korea
(92 times)
-
Sun Ah Choi, Minhye Kim, Hye Jin Kim, Woo Joong Kim, Byung Chan Lim, Ji Yeon Han, Hunmin Kim, Min-Jee Kim, Mi-Sun Yum, Jiwon Lee, Jeehun Lee, Hyewon Woo, Jon Soo Kim
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(5):386-393. Published online February 19, 2026
-
|
Question: How have epilepsy and cognitive outcomes of children with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) evolved over the past 20 years?
Finding: Approximately 78% of children developed chronic epilepsy, and one-third progressed to drug-resistant epilepsy, while 90% of them exhibited intellectual disabilities.
Meaning: Given the poor outcomes associated with IESS, consensus guidelines tailored to Korean clinical practice are required to ensure timely treatment and improve outcomes. |
-
-
- Pulmonology
- Efficacies of different treatment strategies for infants hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis
(90 times)
-
Hyeri Jeong, Dawon Park, Eun Kyo Ha, Ju Hee Kim, Jeewon Shin, Hey-Sung Baek, Hyunsoo Hwang, Youn Ho Shin, Hye Mi Jee, Man Yong Han
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(11):608-618. Published online October 28, 2024
-
|
· This study analyzed 45 randomized controlled trials (5,061 participants, 13 interventions) of the comparative efficacies of treatments for acute bronchiolitis in infants.
· Inhalation therapy with epinephrine and hypertonic saline significantly reduced the length of hospital stay compared with normal saline.
· Hypertonic saline had the greatest ability to improve the clinical severity score of bronchiolitis in infants younger than 2 years of age. |
-
-
- Review Article
- Gastroenterology
- High-resolution anorectal manometry in children
(89 times)
-
Yogesh Waikar
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(2):57-63. Published online June 14, 2023
-
|
· Anorectal manometry is safe in children.
· Defecation Dyssynergia is one of the commonest cause of chronic constipation.
· Positive Rectoanal inhibiory reflex rules out Hirschsprung's Disease |
-
-
- Original Article
- Pulmonology
- Effect of vitamin C supplement in treatment of childhood pneumonia requiring hospitalization: a randomized controlled trial
(89 times)
-
Chutima Phuaksaman, Katechan Jampachaisri, Klaita Srisingh
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(9):690-699. Published online April 1, 2025
-
|
This study assessed the effects of vitamin C on children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Vitamin C supplementation improved clinical symptoms within 48–72 hours compared to placebo but did not reduce the length of hospital stay (LOS). These findings suggest that vitamin C is beneficial for managing CAP severity, but does not affect LOS. |
-
-
- Editorial
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Intermittent sigh breaths during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation among newborn infants
(88 times)
-
Ga Won Jeon
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):486-488. Published online April 16, 2025
-
|
Intermittent sigh breaths during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation can improve ventilation and oxygenation by enhancing lung recruitment. Although research on this approach in newborn infants is limited, some published studies suggest that sigh breaths are generally applied at a rate of 2–3 breaths/min with an inspiratory time of 0.5–1 second and pressure of current mean airway pressure + 5 cmH2O (maximum, 30 cmH2O). |
-
-
- Review Article
- Critical Care Medicine
- Protocolized sedation may reduce ventilation and sedation requirements in the pediatric intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis
(86 times)
-
Ambrus Szemere, Alíz Fazekas, Anna Réka Sebestyén, Rani Ezzeddine, Veronika Upor, Marie Anne Engh, Péter Hegyi, Zsolt Molnár, Klára Horváth
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(6):406-416. Published online February 19, 2025
-
|
|
Protocolized sedation may reduce ventilation requirements, pediatric intensive care unit length of stay, and sedative exposure. However, it may increase the likelihood of unplanned extubation, highlighting the importance of incorporating preventive measures to mitigate this risk. |
-
-
- General Pediatrics
- Systematic review of influence of ethnicity on efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy for childhood and adolescent obesity
(86 times)
-
Surendra Gupta, Purushottam Lal, Abhishek Gupta, Brajesh Raj Chaudhary
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(2):84-102. Published online January 26, 2026
-
|
Ethnic variations may influence the response of children and adolescents to obesity pharmacotherapy. Current evidence does not show consistent differences in efficacy or safety among ethnic groups; however, available data are limited. Larger, ethnically diverse trials are needed to develop personalized obesity treatment strategies. |
-
-
- Allergy
- Comparison and review of international guidelines for treating asthma in children
(84 times)
-
Eui Jeong Roh
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(9):447-455. Published online August 20, 2024
-
|
Asthma is the most common chronic disease among children. Although asthma in children may spontaneously improve, it continues into adulthood in many cases. Therefore, appropriate disease management and medication are essential. Consistent and objective guidelines are needed to manage pediatric asthma and related adverse reactions. |
-
-
- Gastroenterology
- Neonatal ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis syndrome caused by a novel CLDN1 mutation: a case report and literature review
(84 times)
-
Upasana Ghosh, Ankit Agrawal, Varunvenkat M. Srinivasan, Rani Manisha, Umesh Shukla, Vikas Jain, Mayank Nilay, Harish Kumar
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):858-867. Published online October 2, 2025
-
|
· Neonatal ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cholestasis and manifestations such as generalized ichthyosis, alopecia, and dental anomalies.
· The clinical features of NISCH syndrome are distinct and necessitate an early genetic diagnosis.
· The disease phenotype can vary significantly, ranging from no liver involvement and transient neonatal cholestasis to end-stage liver disease.
· Management requires a multidisciplinary approach with long-term follow-up. |
-
-
- Editorial
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Early prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia using new classification in high-risk preterm infants
(84 times)
-
Ga Won Jeon
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(3):211-213. Published online February 25, 2026
-
|
The definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has continued to evolve. Recently, newer definitions based on respiratory support at 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age better predict long-term outcomes but diagnose BPD relatively late. To address this limitation, the New Japanese Classification uses early postnatal factors, including small for gestational age and bubbly or cystic chest radiographic findings, to predict severe BPD and enable early targeted interventions. |
-
-
- Review Article
- General Pediatrics
- Metabolic complications of obesity in children and adolescents
(82 times)
-
Hyunjin Park, Jung Eun Choi, Seunghee Jun, Hyelim Lee, Hae Soon Kim, Hye Ah Lee, Hyesook Park
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2024;67(7):347-355. Published online November 16, 2023
-
|
· Pediatric obesity increases the risk of metabolic complications (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) and long-term cardiovascular diseases.
· A new obesity definition and various indicators (continuous metabolic syndrome score, pediatric simple metabolic syndrome score, fatty liver index) have been proposed to evaluate children’s susceptibility to metabolic disorders.
· Laboratory and body composition tests in pediatric screenings can identify groups at high risk of metabolic complications of obesity. |
-
-
- Endocrinology
- Continuous glucose monitoring in Korean pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: current landscape and clinical implications
(82 times)
-
Hwa Young Kim, Jaehyun Kim
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):842-851. Published online October 2, 2025
-
|
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed pediatric type 1 diabetes care by facilitating tighter glycemic control, reducing hypoglycemia, and improving quality of life.
Recent advances in CGM technology and the expansion of insurance coverage in Korea have led to its broader adoption.
Emerging metrics such as time in tight range offer refined tools for individualized glycemic assessment, highlighting CGM’s evolving role in personalized pediatric diabetes management. |
-
-
- Other
- Microplastic and human health with focus on pediatric well-being: a comprehensive review and call for future studies
(81 times)
-
Rogers Wainkwa Chia, Ntegang Venant Atem, Jin-Yong Lee, Jihye Cha
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(1):1-15. Published online November 6, 2024
-
|
· Milk and formula are common sources of microplastic in infants.
· Water and air are the most common sources of microplastic pollution from infancy to adolescence.
· Microplastic use by children of all ages can cause cell damage and affect their health.
· Microplastics present in children can be quantified using a stereomicroscope and characterized using micro- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. |
-
-
- Review Article
- Infection
- Recommendation for use of a long-acting monoclonal antibody to prevent respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants and young children
(79 times)
-
Soo-Han Choi, Dong Hyun Kim, Jong Gyun Ahn, Ki Wook Yun, Byung-Wook Eun, Jin Lee, Jina Lee, Taek-Jin Lee, Hyunju Lee, Dae Sun Jo, Eun Young Cho, Hye-Kyung Cho, Young June Choe, Ui Yoon Choi, Yun-Kyung Kim; The Committee on Infectious Diseases of the Korean Pediatric Society
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(10):742-750. Published online September 3, 2025
-
|
To prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated lower respiratory tract infections, a single dose of nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody, is recommended for all neonates born during the RSV season (October to March) and all infants younger than 6 months old at the start of the RSV season. Nirsevimab should be administered shortly after birth to neonates and just before or early in the season to infants entering their first RSV season. |
-
-
- Oncology
- Breaking the barrier: a guidelines-based review of antiangiogenesis drug resistance in pediatric cancer therapy
(79 times)
-
Nader Shakibazad, Mahdi Shahriari, Mani Ramzi
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(12):952-962. Published online November 24, 2025
-
|
Antiangiogenic therapy resistance in pediatric cancers involves alternative angiogenic pathways, microenvironmental support, hypoxia-driven signaling, metabolic reprogramming, and structural adaptations such as vascular co-option. Metabolic adaptation highlights tumor plasticity. Effective treatments combine immunotherapy with biomarkers. To address vascular endothelial growth factor limitations, emerging targets include hypoxia-inducible factor-2α, endoglin, CXCR4, angiopoietin/Tie2, and bispecific antibodies. In resource-constrained settings, the guidelines recommend low-dose chemotherapy plus oral multiantiangiogenic agents to ensure improved accessibility and treatment outcomes. |
-
-
- Original Article
- Gastroenterology
- Longitudinal analysis of gut microbiota dysbiosis and bacterial signatures predictive of postoperative enterocolitis in children with Hirschsprung disease
(79 times)
-
Sireekarn Chantakhow, Chanon Kunasol, Jiraporn Khorana, Kanokkan Tepmalai, Nipon Chattipakorn, Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(3):214-227. Published online December 10, 2025
-
|
Question: Do gut microbiota differ between patients with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) and healthy children, and can specific bacterial taxa predict postoperative HSCRassociated enterocolitis (HAEC)?
Finding: Patients with HSCR showed gut dysbiosis with reduced diversity. Postoperative microbial changes included increased alpha diversity. Certain taxa, such as Eubacterium and Collinsella, were associated with recovery or HAEC.
Meaning: Distinct microbial signatures may help identify HAEC risk and guide microbiota-based strategies to improve outcomes. |
-
-
- Infection
- Evolving treatment strategies for invasive Streptococcus pyogenes in children in the postpandemic era
(78 times)
-
Laura Buricchi, Giuseppe Indolfi, Marco Renni, Elisabetta Venturini, Luisa Galli, Elena Chiappini
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(11):921-931. Published online August 11, 2025
-
|
Question: What are the roles of linezolid, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and corticosteroids in pediatric invasive group A streptococcal infection (iGAS)? Can any improve outcomes beyond beta-lactams and clindamycin?
Finding: Two of 46 patients with iGAS died. Nearly all received beta-lactams plus clindamycin. Linezolid was effective in refractory cases. IVIG and corticosteroids had variable efficacies.
Meaning: Linezolid may be valuable in refractory cases. IVIG may be considered in severe presentations. The role of corticosteroids remains less clearly defined. |
-
-
- Neonatology (Perinatology)
- Less invasive surfactant administration versus intubation-surfactant-extubation: a single-center retrospective study
(77 times)
-
C.S. Jithin, A. Nalina, A. Shashidhar, P.N. Suman Rao
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(12):991-997. Published online October 2, 2025
-
|
Question: Does less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) (vs. intubation-surfactant-extubation) improve clinical outcomes in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome?
Finding: LISA significantly reduced intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation needs within the first 72 hours and shortened the overall invasive respiratory support duration without increasing other morbidities.
Meaning: LISA is a less invasive and safer surfactant delivery alternative. Larger multicenter trials are needed to confirm its long-term safety and efficacy, especially in low- and middle-income countries. |
-
-
- Hematology
- Treatment and clinical outcomes of pediatric autoimmune hemolytic anemia: real-world single-center data from Korea
(76 times)
-
Young Dai Kwon, Eun Sun Jung, Yeon Jung Lim
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(7):522-529. Published online April 16, 2025
-
|
Question: Can pediatric autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) be effectively managed using first-line steroids?
Finding: In this single-center study, pediatric patients with AIHA achieved normal hemoglobin levels within 16.5 days (range, 9.0–22.0 days) of first-line steroid treatment and maintained effective responses for 2 months.
Meaning: These outcomes highlight the efficacy of steroid treatment in pediatric versus adult AIHA and underscore the need for multicenter trials to establish standardized treatment guidelines. |
-
-
- Review Article
- Cardiology
- Lifelong impact of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood
(75 times)
-
Junhyun Kwon, Eunji Kim
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025;68(4):278-286. Published online November 28, 2024
-
|
· Childhood blood pressure (BP) is significantly associated with adult hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
· Despite ongoing debate regarding the need for regular BP screening and early pharmacotherapy in children, the benefits of optimizing BP throughout childhood are clear.
· Childhood presents a critical window for normalizing BP through lifestyle modifications such as reducing sodium intake and increasing physical activity to promote lifelong cardiovascular health and prevent longterm complications. |
-
-
- Original Article
- Hematology
- Granulocyte transfusion improves survival in pediatric febrile neutropenia: a 15-year cohort study
(75 times)
-
Witsanu Phetsai, Kleebsabai Sanpakit, Jassada Buaboonnam, Kamon Phuakpet, Nassawee Vathana, Nattee Narkbunnam, Fon Kladed, Chayamon Takpradit
-
Clin Exp Pediatr. 2026;69(3):236-246. Published online January 12, 2026
-
|
Question: Does granulocyte transfusion improve survival and clinical recovery in pediatric febrile neutropenia?
Finding: In this 15-year real-world cohort, granulocyte transfusion significantly increased 30-day survival (92.3 % vs. 65.4%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.105; P=0.020) and accelerated fever and neutrophil recovery without serious adverse events.
Meaning: Granulocyte transfusion may be an effective adjunctive therapy for severe neutropenic infections in children, particularly in low- and middle-income settings. |
-
-
